Normal HOMA-IR (n = 428) |
Abnormal HOMA-IR (n = 66) |
DM (n = 45) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 56 ± 10 | 57 ± 10 | 62 ± 9*,† | 0.002 |
Men, n (%) | 269 (62.9) | 60 (90.9) | 41 (91.1) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 101 (23.6) | 29 (43.9) | 25 (55.6) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 131 (30.6) | 30 (45.5) | 33 (73.3) | < 0.001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 88 (20.6) | 18 (27.3) | 13 (28.9) | 0.244 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 2.8 | 26.4 ± 2.9* | 24.9 ± 3.7*,† | < 0.001 |
Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 100 (23.4) | 40 (60.6) | 17 (37.8) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.9 ± 8.0 | 94.1 ± 8.0* | 91.2 ± 8.9* | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118 ± 15 | 124 ± 12* | 128 ± 16* | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 ± 10 | 80 ± 10* | 78 ± 9 | < 0.001 |
Medications | ||||
Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | 66 (15.4) | 20 (30.3) | 22 (48.9) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 76 (17.8) | 22 (33.3) | 29 (64.4) | < 0.001 |
Oral anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 37 (82.2) | N/A |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 92 ± 8 | 101 ± 9* | 118 ± 20*,† | < 0.001 |
Fasting Insulin, μU/ml | 3.02 ± 1.45 | 8.73 ± 2.83* | 7.84 ± 16.42* | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 0.70 ± 0.35 | 2.17 ± 0.69* | 2.16 ± 3.55* | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4* | 6.9 ± 0.7*,† | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 205 ± 34 | 207 ± 40 | 184 ± 37*,† | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 121 ± 31 | 124 ± 31 | 106 ± 34*,† | 0.006 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 68 ± 17 | 54 ± 13* | 57 ± 14* | < 0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 77 ± 14 | 75 ± 16 | 75 ± 18 | 0.255 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.04 (0.02–0.08) | 0.07 (0.05–0.11)* | 0.07 (0.03–0.14)* | < 0.001 |
Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
LV end-diastolic diameter, mm | 44.1 ± 4.1 | 45.8 ± 4.7* | 45.7 ± 3.9* | 0.001 |
LV end-systolic diameter, mm | 28.1 ± 3.2 | 29.3 ± 3.8* | 29.3 ± 3.2 | 0.004 |
LV ejection fraction, % | 63.0 ± 5.5 | 60.4 ± 5.3* | 60.3 ± 5.3* | < 0.001 |
LV mass index, g/m2 | 64.5 ± 15.2 | 66.4 ± 15.1 | 72.8 ± 17.6* | 0.002 |
E wave, cm/s | 66.1 ± 13.6 | 61.9 ± 9.9* | 58.3 ± 11.4* | < 0.001 |
A wave, cm/s | 57.7 ± 14.7 | 59.3 ± 14.2 | 62.1 ± 14.5 | 0.130 |
E/A ratio | 1.21 ± 0.39 | 1.10 ± 0.30* | 0.97 ± 0.25* | < 0.001 |
e′, cm/s | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 7.4 ± 1.6* | 6.5 ± 1.4*,† | < 0.001 |
E/e′ ratio | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.7 ± 2.0 | 9.3 ± 2.1* | 0.017 |
LA volume index, ml/m2 | 22.0 ± 5.7 | 23.0 ± 6.1 | 21.9 ± 5.0 | 0.359 |
LVGLS, % | − 19.7 ± 3.1 | − 17.6 ± 2.6* | − 16.8 ± 2.4* | < 0.001 |
Impaired LVGLS, n (%) | 60 (14.0) | 28 (42.4) | 22 (48.9) | < 0.001 |