Impact of insulin resistance on subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in normal weight and overweight/obese japanese subjects in a general community

Hirose, Kazutoshi; Nakanishi, Koki; Daimon, Masao; Sawada, Naoko; Yoshida, Yuriko; Iwama, Kentaro; Yamamoto, Yuko; Ishiwata, Jumpei; Hirokawa, Megumi; Koyama, Katsuhiro; Nakao, Tomoko; Morita, Hiroyuki; Di Tullio, Marco R.; Homma, Shunichi; Komuro, Issei

doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01201-6

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population stratified by glucose metabolism

From: Impact of insulin resistance on subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in normal weight and overweight/obese japanese subjects in a general community

	Normal HOMA-IR (n = 428)	Abnormal HOMA-IR (n = 66)	DM (n = 45)	p value
Age, years	56 ± 10	57 ± 10	62 ± 9*^,†	0.002
Men, n (%)	269 (62.9)	60 (90.9)	41 (91.1)	< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	101 (23.6)	29 (43.9)	25 (55.6)	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	131 (30.6)	30 (45.5)	33 (73.3)	< 0.001
Current smoking, n (%)	88 (20.6)	18 (27.3)	13 (28.9)	0.244
Body mass index, kg/m²	23.0 ± 2.8	26.4 ± 2.9*	24.9 ± 3.7*^,†	< 0.001
Overweight/obesity, n (%)	100 (23.4)	40 (60.6)	17 (37.8)	< 0.001
Waist circumference, cm	83.9 ± 8.0	94.1 ± 8.0*	91.2 ± 8.9*	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	118 ± 15	124 ± 12*	128 ± 16*	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	76 ± 10	80 ± 10*	78 ± 9	< 0.001
Medications
Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%)	66 (15.4)	20 (30.3)	22 (48.9)	< 0.001
Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)	76 (17.8)	22 (33.3)	29 (64.4)	< 0.001
Oral anti-diabetic drugs, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	37 (82.2)	N/A
Laboratory parameters
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	92 ± 8	101 ± 9*	118 ± 20*^,†	< 0.001
Fasting Insulin, μU/ml	3.02 ± 1.45	8.73 ± 2.83*	7.84 ± 16.42*	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	0.70 ± 0.35	2.17 ± 0.69*	2.16 ± 3.55*	< 0.001
HbA1c, %	5.6 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.4*	6.9 ± 0.7*^,†	< 0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	205 ± 34	207 ± 40	184 ± 37*^,†	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl	121 ± 31	124 ± 31	106 ± 34*^,†	0.006
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	68 ± 17	54 ± 13*	57 ± 14*	< 0.001
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²	77 ± 14	75 ± 16	75 ± 18	0.255
C-reactive protein, mg/dl	0.04 (0.02–0.08)	0.07 (0.05–0.11)*	0.07 (0.03–0.14)*	< 0.001
Echocardiographic parameters
LV end-diastolic diameter, mm	44.1 ± 4.1	45.8 ± 4.7*	45.7 ± 3.9*	0.001
LV end-systolic diameter, mm	28.1 ± 3.2	29.3 ± 3.8*	29.3 ± 3.2	0.004
LV ejection fraction, %	63.0 ± 5.5	60.4 ± 5.3*	60.3 ± 5.3*	< 0.001
LV mass index, g/m²	64.5 ± 15.2	66.4 ± 15.1	72.8 ± 17.6*	0.002
E wave, cm/s	66.1 ± 13.6	61.9 ± 9.9*	58.3 ± 11.4*	< 0.001
A wave, cm/s	57.7 ± 14.7	59.3 ± 14.2	62.1 ± 14.5	0.130
E/A ratio	1.21 ± 0.39	1.10 ± 0.30*	0.97 ± 0.25*	< 0.001
e′, cm/s	8.2 ± 2.0	7.4 ± 1.6*	6.5 ± 1.4*^,†	< 0.001
E/e′ ratio	8.4 ± 2.1	8.7 ± 2.0	9.3 ± 2.1*	0.017
LA volume index, ml/m²	22.0 ± 5.7	23.0 ± 6.1	21.9 ± 5.0	0.359
LVGLS, %	− 19.7 ± 3.1	− 17.6 ± 2.6*	− 16.8 ± 2.4*	< 0.001
Impaired LVGLS, n (%)	60 (14.0)	28 (42.4)	22 (48.9)	< 0.001

Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (percentage), or median (25th–75th percentile)
A late diastolic transmitral flow velocity, DM diabetes mellitus, E early diastolic transmitral flow velocity, e′ early diastolic mitral annular velocity, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GLS global longitudinal strain, HDL high density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, LA left atrium, LDL low density lipoprotein, LV left ventricle
* p<0.05 compared with normal HOMA-IR group
^†p<0.05 compared with abnormal HOMA-IR group

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