Ā | Normal HOMA-IR (nā=ā428) | Abnormal HOMA-IR (nā=ā66) | DM (nā=ā45) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 56āĀ±ā10 | 57āĀ±ā10 | 62āĀ±ā9*,ā | 0.002 |
Men, n (%) | 269 (62.9) | 60 (90.9) | 41 (91.1) | ā<ā0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 101 (23.6) | 29 (43.9) | 25 (55.6) | ā<ā0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 131 (30.6) | 30 (45.5) | 33 (73.3) | ā<ā0.001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 88 (20.6) | 18 (27.3) | 13 (28.9) | 0.244 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.0āĀ±ā2.8 | 26.4āĀ±ā2.9* | 24.9āĀ±ā3.7*,ā | ā<ā0.001 |
Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 100 (23.4) | 40 (60.6) | 17 (37.8) | ā<ā0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.9āĀ±ā8.0 | 94.1āĀ±ā8.0* | 91.2āĀ±ā8.9* | ā<ā0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118āĀ±ā15 | 124āĀ±ā12* | 128āĀ±ā16* | ā<ā0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76āĀ±ā10 | 80āĀ±ā10* | 78āĀ±ā9 | ā<ā0.001 |
Medications | ||||
Ā Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | 66 (15.4) | 20 (30.3) | 22 (48.9) | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 76 (17.8) | 22 (33.3) | 29 (64.4) | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā Oral anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 37 (82.2) | N/A |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
Ā Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 92āĀ±ā8 | 101āĀ±ā9* | 118āĀ±ā20*,ā | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā Fasting Insulin, Ī¼U/ml | 3.02āĀ±ā1.45 | 8.73āĀ±ā2.83* | 7.84āĀ±ā16.42* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā HOMA-IR | 0.70āĀ±ā0.35 | 2.17āĀ±ā0.69* | 2.16āĀ±ā3.55* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā HbA1c, % | 5.6āĀ±ā0.3 | 5.8āĀ±ā0.4* | 6.9āĀ±ā0.7*,ā | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 205āĀ±ā34 | 207āĀ±ā40 | 184āĀ±ā37*,ā | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 121āĀ±ā31 | 124āĀ±ā31 | 106āĀ±ā34*,ā | 0.006 |
Ā HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 68āĀ±ā17 | 54āĀ±ā13* | 57āĀ±ā14* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 77āĀ±ā14 | 75āĀ±ā16 | 75āĀ±ā18 | 0.255 |
Ā C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.04 (0.02ā0.08) | 0.07 (0.05ā0.11)* | 0.07 (0.03ā0.14)* | ā<ā0.001 |
Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
Ā LV end-diastolic diameter, mm | 44.1āĀ±ā4.1 | 45.8āĀ±ā4.7* | 45.7āĀ±ā3.9* | 0.001 |
Ā LV end-systolic diameter, mm | 28.1āĀ±ā3.2 | 29.3āĀ±ā3.8* | 29.3āĀ±ā3.2 | 0.004 |
Ā LV ejection fraction, % | 63.0āĀ±ā5.5 | 60.4āĀ±ā5.3* | 60.3āĀ±ā5.3* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā LV mass index, g/m2 | 64.5āĀ±ā15.2 | 66.4āĀ±ā15.1 | 72.8āĀ±ā17.6* | 0.002 |
Ā E wave, cm/s | 66.1āĀ±ā13.6 | 61.9āĀ±ā9.9* | 58.3āĀ±ā11.4* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā A wave, cm/s | 57.7āĀ±ā14.7 | 59.3āĀ±ā14.2 | 62.1āĀ±ā14.5 | 0.130 |
Ā E/A ratio | 1.21āĀ±ā0.39 | 1.10āĀ±ā0.30* | 0.97āĀ±ā0.25* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā eā², cm/s | 8.2āĀ±ā2.0 | 7.4āĀ±ā1.6* | 6.5āĀ±ā1.4*,ā | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā E/eā² ratio | 8.4āĀ±ā2.1 | 8.7āĀ±ā2.0 | 9.3āĀ±ā2.1* | 0.017 |
Ā LA volume index, ml/m2 | 22.0āĀ±ā5.7 | 23.0āĀ±ā6.1 | 21.9āĀ±ā5.0 | 0.359 |
Ā LVGLS, % | āā19.7āĀ±ā3.1 | āā17.6āĀ±ā2.6* | āā16.8āĀ±ā2.4* | ā<ā0.001 |
Ā Ā Impaired LVGLS, n (%) | 60 (14.0) | 28 (42.4) | 22 (48.9) | ā<ā0.001 |