Strategies | Population | Possible mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|
Non-pharmacological strategies | |||
 CGM | 40 patients with T1DM | Minimized the risk of severe hypoglycemia | [104] |
 High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training | 15 inactive overweight or obese women | Decreased endothelial cell damage | [108] |
 Aerobic and eccentric exercise | 16 healthy subjects | Reduced inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers | [109] |
 Low carbohydrate diet | 10 patients with T1DM | Resulted in more time in euglycemia, less time in hypoglycemia | [110] |
Pharmacological strategies | |||
 Once-weekly trelagliptin and once-daily alogliptin | 27 patients with T2DM | Improved glycemic control and reduced GV without inducing hypoglycemia | [114] |
 GLP-1 RA with basal insulin | 160 patients with T2DM | Lowered hypoglycemia and might contribute to the cardiovascular outcome reduction | [115] |
 DPP4 inhibitors combined with metformin | 69 patients with T2DM | Reduced GV and hypoglycemia | [116] |
 DPP4 inhibitors combined with metformin | 34 patients with T2DM | Reduced GV and hypoglycemia | [118] |
 Metformin plus vildagliptin | 44 patients withT2DM | Attenuated oxidative stress index | [119] |
 Empagliflozin as adjunct to insulin | 75 patients with T1DM | Decreased glucose exposure and variability and increased time in glucose target range. | [120] |
 SGLT2 inhibitors | 15 patients with T1DM | Improved TIR and the mean glucose level and SD | [121] |