Table 3 Comparisons of clinical parameters between the higher and low arterial stiffness groups
Parameter | Low arterial stiffness (n = 296) | High arterial stiffness (n = 149) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.5 ± 9.2 | 70.7 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Male gender (%) | 201 (67.9) | 100 (67.1) | 0.866 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | 0.007 |
Estimated duration of diabetes (years) | 12.0 ± 7.4 | 16.4 ± 9.3 | < 0.001 |
Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 57 (19.3) | 51 (34.2) | < 0.001 |
Smoking status (%) never/former/current smoker | 123 (41.6)/102 (34.5)/71 (24) | 65 (43.6)/63 (42.3)/21 (14) | 0.040 |
Hypertension (%) | 159 (53.7) | 97 (65.1) | 0.022 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.9 ± 12.4 | 137.6 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.3 ± 10.9 | 76.7 ± 11.8 | 0.560 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 0.83 | 7.1 ± 0.69 | 0.532 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 53.7 ± 9.0 | 54.2 ± 7.5 | 0.532 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.93 ± 0.78 | 4.88 ± 0.78 | 0.523 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.78 ± 0.63 | 2.73 ± 0.64 | 0.492 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.40 | 1.56 ± 0.40 | 0.757 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 1.05 | 1.41 ± 1.04 | 0.459 |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 309.5 ± 74.5 | 312.7 ± 71.6 | 0.668 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 72.9 ± 19 | 66.7 ± 17 | < 0.001 |
Urinary albumin excretion (mg/g creatinine) | 11.0 (0.9-1414.6) | 21.6(1.9–7398.0) | < 0.001 |
Normoalbuminuria/microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria (%) | 230 (77.7)/51 (17.2)/15 (5.1) | 92(61.7)/43(28.9)/14(9.4) | 0.002 |
Use of oral glucose-lowering agents (%) | 260 (88) | 140 (94) | 0.043 |
Metformin (%) | 161 (54) | 73 (49) | 0.282 |
Sulfonylureas (%) | 30 (10) | 29 (20) | 0.006 |
Glinides (%) | 16 (5.4) | 9 (6) | 0.784 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (%) | 154 (52) | 98 (65.8) | 0.006 |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (%) | 73 (25) | 29 (20) | 0.218 |
Thiazolidinediones (%) | 42 (14) | 13 (9) | 0.098 |
α-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 91 (31) | 33 (22) | 0.056 |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 antagonists (%) | 12 (4) | 8 (5.4) | 0.628 |
Insulin (%) | 31 (11) | 32 (22) | 0.002 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (%) | 8 (3) | 10 (7) | 0.071 |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (%) | 127 (43) | 65 (44) | 0.885 |
Calcium channel blockers (%) | 64 (22) | 53 (36) | 0.002 |
Statins (%) | 140 (47) | 67 (45) | 0.642 |
Antiplatelet agents (%) | 10 (3) | 9 (6) | 0.217 |
FLP-CGM-derived metrics | Â | Â | Â |
Mean glucose (mmol/L) | 7.56 ± 1.68 | 8.13 ± 1.94 | 0.037 |
SD (mmol/L) | 1.93 ± 0.60 | 2.22 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 |
CV (%) | 24.8 ± 5.62 | 27.4 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.13 ± 1.88 | 6.06 ± 2.34 | < 0.001 |
TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%) | 80.6 ± 19.5 | 74.8 ± 19.9 | 0.004 |
TAR > 10 mmol/L (%) | 17.9 ± 19.7 | 22.9 ± 20.6 | 0.013 |
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%) | 3.33 ± 7.98 | 5.41 ± 10.9 | 0.023 |
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%) | 1.52 ± 3.52 | 2.27 ± 5.46 | 0.085 |
TBR < 3.0 mmol/L (%) | 0.23 ± 1.23 | 0.42 ± 1.58 | 0.155 |
LBGI | 1.34 ± 1.58 | 1.60 ± 1.63 | 0.103 |
HBGI | 5.17 ± 4.22 | 6.56 ± 5.27 | 0.003 |
MODD (mmol/L) | 1.67 ± 0.58 | 1.83 ± 0.68 | 0.011 |
IQR (mmol/L) | 2.06 ± 0.71 | 2.24 ± 0.87 | 0.024 |