Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
Variables | All subjects | With LEAD at baseline | Without LEAD at baseline | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of subjects | 436 | 194 | 242 | – |
Male, % | 59.2 | 64.9 | 52.1 | 0.007 |
Age, years | 58.6 ± 10.3 | 63.4 ± 7.92 | 52.6 ± 9.65 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration, years | 11.7 ± 6.51 | 13.4 ± 6.55 | 9.63 ± 5.84 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 2.98 | 25.3 ± 3.08 | 25.5 ± 2.86 | 0.583 |
Waist, cm | 92.0 ± 8.92 | 92.5 ± 8.68 | 91.3 ± 9.20 | 0.154 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133 ± 16.1 | 135 ± 16.7 | 128 ± 14.8 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.2 ± 8.65 | 79.2 ± 8.51 | 79.3 ± 8.85 | 0.867 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 63.8 ± 17.1 | 64.7 ± 16.2 | 62.6 ± 18.1 | 0.188 |
HbA1c, % | 7.99 ± 1.57 | 8.08 ± 1.49 | 7.88 ± 1.66 | 0.188 |
GA, % | 19.8 ± 5.81 | 20.0 ± 5.58 | 19.6 ± 6.04 | 0.566 |
Fasting Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 7.62 ± 2.41 | 7.48 ± 2.27 | 7.80 ± 2.56 | 0.174 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.10 ± 1.53 | 2.02 ± 1.06 | 2.19 ± 1.96 | 0.248 |
Current smoker, % | 27.5 | 29.3 | 25.3 | 0.343 |
Alcohol drinker, % | 13.1 | 14.0 | 11.9 | 0.499 |
eGFR, mL/(min 1.73m2) | 93.6 ± 17.9 | 87.7 ± 17.6 | 101 ± 15.2 | < 0.001 |
Uric acid, μmol/L | 335 ± 83.1 | 341 ± 83.7 | 330 ± 80.8 | 0.169 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.48 ± 1.15 | 4.35 ± 1.30 | 4.64 ± 0.90 | 0.007 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.85 ± 2.36 | 1.79 ± 2.82 | 1.93 ± 1.61 | 0.534 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.61 ± 0.88 | 2.54 ± 0.95 | 2.70 ± 0.79 | 0.051 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.08 ± 0.30 | 1.06 ± 0.27 | 1.11 ± 0.33 | 0.093 |
Use antidiabetes agents, % | ||||
Biguanides | 49.5 | 43.0 | 57.7 | 0.002 |
Sulfonylureas | 33.1 | 31.0 | 37.6 | 0.146 |
Thiazolidinediones | 8.94 | 7.85 | 10.3 | 0.371 |
Glinides | 13.1 | 10.3 | 16.5 | 0.058 |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 4.59 | 4.55 | 4.64 | 0.963 |
Glucosidase inhibitors | 62.8 | 68.6 | 55.7 | 0.006 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 1.15 | 0.41 | 2.06 | 0.108 |
Insulin, % | 61.7 | 66.1 | 56.2 | 0.034 |
Use antihypertension agents, % | ||||
RAAS inhibitors | 48.9 | 55.4 | 40.7 | 0.002 |
Calcium-channel blockers | 30.7 | 36.0 | 24.2 | 0.008 |
β-Blockers | 18.8 | 22.7 | 13.9 | 0.019 |
Diuretics | 6.65 | 10.7 | 1.55 | < 0.001 |
Use lipid-lowering agents, % | ||||
Statins | 56.2 | 66.9 | 42.8 | < 0.001 |
Fibrates | 7.57 | 6.20 | 9.28 | 0.237 |
Aspirin, % | 49.8 | 60.7 | 36.1 | < 0.001 |
Anticoagulant, % | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – |
Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol | 62.9 ± 15.1 | 64.4 ± 14.9 | 61.1 ± 15.1 | 0.025 |
Mean HbA1c, % | 7.91 ± 1.38 | 8.05 ± 1.36 | 7.75 ± 1.38 | 0.025 |
Mean GA, % | 19.7 ± 4.70 | 20.0 ± 4.66 | 19.3 ± 4.72 | 0.101 |
Variability of GA | ||||
CV | 11.1 ± 7.20 | 11.9 ± 6.90 | 10.2 ± 7.48 | 0.017 |
VIM | 1.03 ± 0.74 | 1.11 ± 0.72 | 0.94 ± 0.75 | 0.022 |
ARV | 3.09 ± 2.45 | 3.27 ± 2.40 | 2.86 ± 2.48 | 0.085 |
Variability of HbA1c | ||||
CV | 7.44 ± 5.59 | 7.53 ± 5.54 | 7.34 ± 5.66 | 0.723 |
VIM | 0.23 ± 0.18 | 0.23 ± 0.18 | 0.22 ± 0.18 | 0.503 |
ARV | 0.80 ± 0.72 | 0.81 ± 0.69 | 0.79 ± 0.76 | 0.783 |