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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects with or without incident type 2 diabetes

From: Association of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes: a population-based cohort study

Variables

Total (n = 4205)

Incident type 2 diabetes

p value

Without (n = 3637)

With (n = 568)

Age (years)

56.1 ± 7.5

55.9 ± 7.4

57.1 ± 7.5

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

1388 (33.0)

1181 (32.5)

207 (36.4)

0.061

Current smoker, n (%)

555 (13.2)

468 (12.9)

87 (15.3)

0.109

Current drinker, n (%)

551 (13.1)

467 (12.8)

84 (14.8)

0.201

Physical activity, n (%)

0.367

 Low

3020 (71.8)

204 (71.6)

416 (73.2)

 

 Middle

912 (21.7)

793 (21.8)

119 (21.0)

 

 High

273 (6.5)

240 (6.6)

33 (5.8)

 

Educational attainment (years)

< 0.001

 0–6

938 (22.3)

778 (21.4)

160 (28.2)

 

 7–9

2090 (49.7)

1819 (50.0)

271 (47.7)

 

 ≥ 10

1177 (28.0)

1040 (28.6)

137 (24.1)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

1106 (26.3)

917 (25.2)

189 (33.3)

< 0.001

IFG, n (%)

2120 (50.4)

1724 (47.4)

396 (69.7)

< 0.001

IGT, n (%)

1899 (45.2)

1509 (41.5)

390 (68.7)

< 0.001

iHbA1c, n (%)

2819 (67.0)

2365 (65.0)

454 (79.9)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

128.78 ± 19.72

127.67 ± 20.00

135.88 ± 16.03

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

80.6 ± 10.6

80.27 ± 10.76

82.33 ± 9.49

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.15 ± 4.62

24.04 ± 4.71

24.89 ± 3.87

< 0.001

WC (cm)

83.2 ± 8.5

82.7 ± 8.3

86.1 ± 8.7

< 0.001

Male

86.3 ± 8.5

86.0 ± 8.4

88.4 ± 8.6

0.004

Female

81.6 ± 8.4

81.1 ± 8.2

84.9 ± 8.7

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.86 ± 0.49

5.82 ± 0.48

6.13 ± 0.46

< 0.001

PPG (mmol/L)

7.43 ± 1.67

7.29 ± 1.66

8.35 ± 1.69

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.68 ± 0.38

5.67 ± 0.38

5.76 ± 0.36

< 0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

38.57 ± 4.18

38.42 ± 4.20

39.52 ± 3.94

< 0.001

Insulin (mU/L)

6.7 (4.4–9.0)

6.7 (4.8–8.8)

7.7 (5.2–10.3)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.78 (1.31–2.47)

1.74 (1.29–2.37)

2.21 (1.42–2.78)

< 0.001

CRP (mg/L)

1.46 (0.76–2.65)

1.33 (0.71–2.39)

1.61 (0.83–2.95)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.23 ± 0.32

1.23 ± 0.33

1.22 ± 0.31

0.498

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.65 ± 0.75

2.64 ± 0.74

2.68 ± 0.82

0.238

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.68 ± 1.00

4.66 ± 1.00

4.78 ± 1.06

0.008

TG (mmol/L)

1.35 (0.96–1.95)

1.34 (0.95–1.87)

1.48 (1.04–2.36)

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

14 (10–20)

13 (10–19)

16 (12–22)

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

19 (16–24)

18 (12–24)

22 (17–28)

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

20 (13–32)

19 (13–31)

26 (16–40)

< 0.001

Cr (mmol/L)

66.78 ± 17.61

66.77 ± 18.28

66.87 ± 12.55

0.899

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

111.28 ± 12.84

111.42 ± 12.91

110.42 ± 12.44

0.085

PCSK9 (ng/mL)

285.62 ± 98.52

283.68 ± 97.09

298.04 ± 103.87

0.001

Male

277.50 ± 97.57

278.44 ± 97.69

272.13 ± 97.52

0.391

Female

289.62 ± 98.80

286.20 ± 97.67

312.90 ± 103.63

< 0.001

  1. IFG defined as FBG 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L). IGT defined as PPG 140–199 mg/dL (7.8–11.0 mmol/L). iHbA1c defined as HbA1c > 5.7% (> 39 mmol/mol)
  2. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate transaminase, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, Cr serum creatinine, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FPG fasting plasma glucose, GGT γ-glutamyltransferase, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, iHbA1c impaired HbA1c, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PPG postprandial plasma glucose, SBP systolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, WC waist circumference