Table 5 Factors for outcomes of interest using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model

Age > 55 years

3.0

1.7–5.3

< 0.001

1.1

0.7–1.7

0.62

1.4

0.9–2.4

0.14

Male

1.4

0.9–2.4

0.17

1.2

0.8–1.8

0.44

1.4

0.8–2.4

0.22

Comorbidities

 Obesity

1.0

0.6–1.6

0.93

1.2

0.8–1.7

0.47

1.1

0.7–1.8

0.73

 Hypertension

0.8

0.4–1.6

0.55

1.0

0.5–1.9

0.97

1.0

0.5–2.1

0.92

 Diabetes mellitus

1.2

0.7–2.3

0.49

1.0

0.6–1.7

0.96

1.2

0.6–2.2

0.60

 Cardiovascular disease

1.8

0.7–4.4

0.23

1.2

0.5–3.1

0.64

1.0

0.3–3.0

0.96

 Chronic kidney disease

0.7

0.2–2.0

0.49

1.0

0.4–2.5

0.95

0.7

0.2–2.5

0.61

 Congestive heart failure

3.5

1.4–8.3

0.006

1.9

0.7–5.1

0.19

2.8

1.0–7.6

0.048

 Stroke

1.3

0.5–3.8

0.61

1.0

0.4–3.0

0.95

1.9

0.7–5.2

0.20

 Smoking

5.8

2.0–17.2

0.002

5.2

1.8–14.8

0.002

7.1

2.4–20.9

< 0.001

Medications

 β-Blocker use

1.7

1.0–2.9

0.04

1.7

1.1–2.8

0.02

1.6

0.9–2.8

0.11

 ACE inhibitor use

0.7

0.3–1.4

0.29

1.0

0.6–1.8

0.86

0.9

0.4–1.7

0.66

 ARB Use

1.3

0.6–2.6

0.46

1.7

0.8–3.5

0.14

1.4

0.6–3.3

0.38

Laboratory investigations

 RBG (≥ 11.1 mmol/l)

1.2

0.7–1.9

0.54

1.5

1.0–2.2

0.04

1.6

1.0–2.5

0.07

 FPG (≥ 7.0 mmol/l)

1.2

0.7–2.2

0.53

1.0

0.6–1.6

0.90

1.1

0.6–1.9

0.81

 HbA1c > 9.0%

0.7

0.3–1.3

0.25

1.0

0.6–1.6

0.98

0.9

0.5–1.8

0.85

 Bilateral lung infiltrates

1.9

1.1–3.3

0.02

1.4

0.9–2.1

0.14

2.0

1.1–3.4

0.017

 Neutrophil count > 7.5

1.4

0.9–2.2

0.19

1.6

1.1–2.4

0.02

1.5

0.9–2.5

0.09

 Creatinine > 90 µmol/l

2.1

1.3–3.5

0.004

1.8

1.2–2.8

0.006

2.1

1.3–3.6

0.003

 ALT > 65 U/l

1.3

0.8–2.1

0.35

1.6

1.1–2.4

0.02

1.4

0.9–2.4

0.17

 25(OH)D < 12.5 nmol/l

7.0

1.7–28.2

0.007

3.0

0.7–13.4

0.16

2.0

0.4–10.1

0.39