|
Risk factor
|
Outcomes
|
|---|
|
Mortality
|
ICU admission
|
Intubation
|
|---|
|
HR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
HR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
HR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Age > 55 years
|
3.0
|
1.7–5.3
|
< 0.001
|
1.1
|
0.7–1.7
|
0.62
|
1.4
|
0.9–2.4
|
0.14
|
|
Male
|
1.4
|
0.9–2.4
|
0.17
|
1.2
|
0.8–1.8
|
0.44
|
1.4
|
0.8–2.4
|
0.22
|
|
Comorbidities
|
|
Obesity
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.6
|
0.93
|
1.2
|
0.8–1.7
|
0.47
|
1.1
|
0.7–1.8
|
0.73
|
|
Hypertension
|
0.8
|
0.4–1.6
|
0.55
|
1.0
|
0.5–1.9
|
0.97
|
1.0
|
0.5–2.1
|
0.92
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
1.2
|
0.7–2.3
|
0.49
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.7
|
0.96
|
1.2
|
0.6–2.2
|
0.60
|
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
1.8
|
0.7–4.4
|
0.23
|
1.2
|
0.5–3.1
|
0.64
|
1.0
|
0.3–3.0
|
0.96
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
0.7
|
0.2–2.0
|
0.49
|
1.0
|
0.4–2.5
|
0.95
|
0.7
|
0.2–2.5
|
0.61
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
3.5
|
1.4–8.3
|
0.006
|
1.9
|
0.7–5.1
|
0.19
|
2.8
|
1.0–7.6
|
0.048
|
|
Stroke
|
1.3
|
0.5–3.8
|
0.61
|
1.0
|
0.4–3.0
|
0.95
|
1.9
|
0.7–5.2
|
0.20
|
|
Smoking
|
5.8
|
2.0–17.2
|
0.002
|
5.2
|
1.8–14.8
|
0.002
|
7.1
|
2.4–20.9
|
< 0.001
|
|
Medications
|
|
β-Blocker use
|
1.7
|
1.0–2.9
|
0.04
|
1.7
|
1.1–2.8
|
0.02
|
1.6
|
0.9–2.8
|
0.11
|
|
ACE inhibitor use
|
0.7
|
0.3–1.4
|
0.29
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.8
|
0.86
|
0.9
|
0.4–1.7
|
0.66
|
|
ARB Use
|
1.3
|
0.6–2.6
|
0.46
|
1.7
|
0.8–3.5
|
0.14
|
1.4
|
0.6–3.3
|
0.38
|
|
Laboratory investigations
|
|
RBG (≥ 11.1 mmol/l)
|
1.2
|
0.7–1.9
|
0.54
|
1.5
|
1.0–2.2
|
0.04
|
1.6
|
1.0–2.5
|
0.07
|
|
FPG (≥ 7.0 mmol/l)
|
1.2
|
0.7–2.2
|
0.53
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.6
|
0.90
|
1.1
|
0.6–1.9
|
0.81
|
|
HbA1c > 9.0%
|
0.7
|
0.3–1.3
|
0.25
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.6
|
0.98
|
0.9
|
0.5–1.8
|
0.85
|
|
Bilateral lung infiltrates
|
1.9
|
1.1–3.3
|
0.02
|
1.4
|
0.9–2.1
|
0.14
|
2.0
|
1.1–3.4
|
0.017
|
|
Neutrophil count > 7.5
|
1.4
|
0.9–2.2
|
0.19
|
1.6
|
1.1–2.4
|
0.02
|
1.5
|
0.9–2.5
|
0.09
|
|
Creatinine > 90 µmol/l
|
2.1
|
1.3–3.5
|
0.004
|
1.8
|
1.2–2.8
|
0.006
|
2.1
|
1.3–3.6
|
0.003
|
|
ALT > 65 U/l
|
1.3
|
0.8–2.1
|
0.35
|
1.6
|
1.1–2.4
|
0.02
|
1.4
|
0.9–2.4
|
0.17
|
|
25(OH)D < 12.5 nmol/l
|
7.0
|
1.7–28.2
|
0.007
|
3.0
|
0.7–13.4
|
0.16
|
2.0
|
0.4–10.1
|
0.39
|
- Comorbidities adjusted for one another + age, BMI and sex; Medications and Lab investigations were adjusted for age, BMI and Sex; p < 0.05 considered significant
