Parameters | All | Males | Females | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 439 (100) | 300 (68.3) | 139 (31.7) | Â |
Age (years) Median (min–max) | 55 (19–101) | 54 (19–87) | 59 (20–101) | 0.03 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 6.7 | 28.8 ± 5.8 | 31.5 ± 8.0 | 0.001 |
Nationality (%) | ||||
 Saudi | 218 (49.7) | 123 (41.0) | 95 (68.3) | < 0.001 |
 Arab (non-Saudi) | 100 (22.8) | 73 (24.3) | 27 (19.4) |  |
 Filipino | 20 (4.6) | 16 (5.3) | 4 (2.9) |  |
 Bangladeshi | 15 (3.4) | 15 (5.0) | 0 |  |
 Pakistani | 12 (2.7) | 10 (3.3) | 2 (1.4) |  |
 Indian | 49 (11.2) | 47 (15.7) | 2 (1.4) |  |
 Afghani | 4 (0.9) | 3 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) |  |
 Others | 21 (4.8) | 12 (4.3) | 8 (5.8) |  |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||
 Obesity | 178 (42.2) | 101 (35.3) | 77 (56.6) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 187 (42.6) | 109 (36.3) | 78 (56.1) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus* | 300 (68.3) | 200 (66.7) | 100 (71.9) | NS |
 Cardiovascular disease | 44 (10.0) | 31 (10.3) | 13 (9.4) | NS |
 Congestive heart failure | 18 (4.1) | 12 (4.0) | 6 (4.3) | NS |
 Chronic kidney disease | 22 (5.0) | 13 (4.3) | 9 (6.5) | NS |
 Stroke | 17 (3.9) | 10 (3.3) | 7 (5.0) | NS |
 Smoking | 9 (2.6) | 7 (3.2) | 2 (1.6) | 0.05 |
 Vitamin D deficiency** | 112 (74.7) | 75 (75.8) | 37 (72.5) | NS |
Medications (%) | ||||
 β-Blockers | 73 (16.6) | 50 (16.7) | 23 (16.9) | NS |
 ACE inhibitors | 48 (10.9) | 33 (11.0) | 15 (10.8) | NS |
 ARB | 63 (14.4) | 31 (10.3) | 32 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
 CCB | 95 (21.8) | 55 (18.3) | 40 (29.4) | 0.03 |
 Statins | 111 (25.5) | 69 (23.1) | 42 (30.9) | NS |
 GLP-1 agonists | 5 (1.1) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (1.5) | NS |
 Insulin | 63 (14.4) | 28 (9.4) | 35 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
 Oral hypoglycemic | 148 (33.7) | 89 (29.8) | 59 (43.4) | 0.006 |
 Anti-coagulants | 19 (4.3) | 9 (3.0) | 10 (7.4) | 0.04 |
 Anti-platelets | 80 (18.2) | 51 (17.0) | 29 (21.3) | NS |
 Levothyroxine | 25 (5.7) | 9 (3.0) | 16 (11.6) | 0.001 |