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Fig. 3 | Cardiovascular Diabetology

Fig. 3

From: Insulin directly stimulates mitochondrial glucose oxidation in the heart

Fig. 3

Inhibition of Akt abrogates the direct insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation. a Schematic of study design for Study 2. Hearts were perfused in an isolated working heart mode for 30 min following which insulin (100 µU/ml) was added to the perfusate and the hearts were perfused for additional 30 min. The pharmacological modulators of Akt, GSK-3β and PKC-δ were present throughout the perfusion protocol. The metabolic profile of the heart is characterized by measuring b glycolysis, c glucose oxidation and d palmitate (fatty acid) oxidation along with e their contribution to cardiac ATP production. f Myocardial oxygen consumption and g cardiac efficiency (O2 consumption/cardiac work) were monitored throughout the perfusion protocol. Arrows indicate the time of adding the vehicle of insulin to the perfusate. Individual values for each group are presented as a scattered plot along with its mean ± SEM (n = 9 for each experimental group). be Were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, while f and g were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA supported by Bonferroni's post hoc test. For eg, *p < 0.05 compared to the vehicle-treated group

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