Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study population before and after propensity score matching
Variable | Before | IPTW | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGLT2i (n = 1100) | Metformin (n = 39,920) | p value | SGLT2i (n = 1100) | Metformin (n = 39,920) | ASMD | |
Age, years | 57.6 ± 13.0 | 59.3 ± 12.9 |  < 0.001 | 61.2 ± 86.8 | 59.4 ± 13.1 | 0.03 |
Male | 697 (63.36%) | 22,368 (56.03%) |  < 0.001 | 53.17% | 56.21% | 0.06 |
Diabetes duration, year | 1.42 ± 3.50 | 1.12 ± 2.94 |  < 0.001 | 1.4 ± 21 | 1.1 ± 3 | 0.02 |
Comorbidity | ||||||
 Hypertension | 735 (66.82%) | 23,983 (60.08%) |  < 0.001 | 66.09% | 60.86% | 0.11 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 607 (55.18%) | 21,410 (53.63%) | 0.31 | 49.40% | 53.94% | 0.09 |
 Coronary artery disease | 304 (27.64%) | 6745 (16.90%) |  < 0.001 | 19.08% | 17.45% | 0.04 |
 Myocardial infarction | 102 (9.27%) | 1527 (3.83%) |  < 0.001 | 5.01% | 4.07% | 0.05 |
 Ischemic stroke | 82 (7.45%) | 5943 (14.89%) |  < 0.001 | 18.82% | 15.10% | 0.10 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 35 (3.18%) | 932 (2.33%) | 0.068 | 3.34% | 2.43% | 0.05 |
 Heart failure | 113 (10.27%) | 2343 (5.87%) |  < 0.001 | 5.22% | 6.16% | 0.04 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 66 (6.00%) | 1364 (3.42%) |  < 0.001 | 7.17% | 3.58% | 0.16 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 222 (20.18%) | 6303 (15.79%) |  < 0.001 | 15.04% | 16.05% | 0.03 |
 Malignancy | 102 (9.27%) | 4863 (12.18%) | 0.004 | 9.82% | 12.50% | 0.09 |
Medication | ||||||
 ACEI or ARB | 713 (64.82%) | 21,486 (53.82%) |  < 0.001 | 60.00% | 55.04% | 0.10 |
 ARNI | 34 (3.09%) | 199 (0.50%) |  < 0.001 | 0.44% | 0.59% | 0.02 |
 Alpha-blockers | 66 (6.00%) | 1992 (4.99%) | 0.13 | 4.88% | 5.17% | 0.01 |
 Beta-blockers | 593 (53.91%) | 16,858 (42.23%) |  < 0.001 | 47.03% | 43.49% | 0.07 |
 Dihydropyridine CCB | 365 (33.18%) | 16,042 (40.19%) |  < 0.001 | 46.98% | 40.97% | 0.12 |
 Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 91 (8.27%) | 3113 (7.8%) | 0.563 | 9.21% | 8.03% | 0.04 |
 Digoxin | 26 (2.36%) | 755 (1.89%) | 0.258 | 1.93% | 1.97% | 0.00 |
 Ivabradine | 27 (2.45%) | 171 (0.43%) |  < 0.001 | 0.49% | 0.51% | 0.00 |
 Nitrates | 314 (28.55%) | 7168 (17.96%) |  < 0.001 | 16.75% | 18.66% | 0.05 |
 Diuretics | 295 (26.82%) | 10,348 (25.92%) | 0.504 | 33.20% | 26.69% | 0.14 |
 Antiplatelet | 429 (39.00%) | 13,042 (32.67%) |  < 0.001 | 39.83% | 33.56% | 0.13 |
 Anticoagulant | 76 (6.91%) | 1937 (4.85%) | 0.002 | 8.16% | 5.07% | 0.12 |
 Statin | 709 (64.45%) | 23,327 (58.43%) |  < 0.001 | 64.57% | 59.51% | 0.10 |
Glucose lowering agents | ||||||
 Metformin | 0 (0%) | 39,920 (100%) |  < 0.001 | 46.17% | 100% | 1.53 |
 Sulfonylurea | 235 (21.36%) | 14,168 (35.49%) |  < 0.001 | 38.35% | 35.69% | 0.06 |
 DPP-4i | 124 (11.27%) | 17,038 (42.68%) |  < 0.001 | 50.59% | 42.66% | 0.16 |
 SGLT2i | 1100 (100%) | 0 (0%) |  < 0.001 | 100% | 13.48% | 3.58 |
 TZD | 102 (9.27%) | 2705 (6.78%) | 0.002 | 5.35% | 7.03% | 0.07 |
 Glinides | 28 (2.55%) | 960 (2.40%) | 0.764 | 1.49% | 2.49% | 0.07 |
 Acarbose | 90 (8.18%) | 3011 (7.54%) | 0.429 | 5.60% | 7.83% | 0.09 |
 GLP1-RA | 12 (1.09%) | 352 (0.88%) | 0.415 | 0.87% | 0.91% | 0.00 |
 Insulin | 135 (12.27%) | 6748 (16.90%) |  < 0.001 | 21.41% | 17.43% | 0.10 |
Lab (baseline) | ||||||
 HbA1c, % | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 0.008 | 8.1 ± 11.6 | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 0.02 |
 Hemoglobin | 13.4 ± 2.3 | 12.5 ± 2.4 |  < 0.001 | 13.1 ± 17.5 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 0.05 |
 Hematocrit | 43.7 ± 5.6 | 41.8 ± 5.9 | 0.438 | 43.2 ± 18 | 41.6 ± 6 | 0.12 |
 Creatinine | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |  < 0.001 | 1 ± 3.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.09 |
 eGFR | 91.5 ± 32.5 | 97.5 ± 33.5 |  < 0.001 | 86.5 ± 228 | 97.4 ± 34 | 0.07 |
 AST | 34.7 ± 38.3 | 37.0 ± 82.4 | 0.123 | 33.2 ± 224 | 37.1 ± 84.9 | 0.02 |
 ALT | 37.2 ± 35.7 | 37.2 ± 51.1 | 0.995 | 36.7 ± 245 | 37.2 ± 52.2 | 0.00 |
 BNP | 587.6 ± 1012.6 | 367.9 ± 670.5 |  < 0.001 | 210.2 ± 3493.2 | 373.9 ± 690.1 | 0.07 |
 NT-pro BNP | 2163.3 ± 3,132.5 | 2567.8 ± 5,903.5 | 0.698 | 2094 ± 10,884.3 | 2524.2 ± 5977.9 | 0.05 |
Follow-up (years) | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.15 |  < 0.001 | 1.6 ± 7.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.02 |