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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants of the Rivana (Vascular Risk in Navarre) according the definition of metabolic syndrome of the international Diabetes Federation and the AHA/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (n = 3976)

From: Risk for cardiovascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome and its components: a 13-year prospective study in the RIVANA cohort

Characteristics

Overall participants

No metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome

p-value

N (frequency)

3976

2552 (64.2%)

1424 (35.8%)

 

Age, years

53.3 ± 12.4

50.2 ± 11.6

58.8 ± 11.9

 < 0.001

Sex, men

1775 (45%)

964 (38%)

811 (57%)

 < 0.001

Higher level of attained education

 < 0.001

 Primary or less

2177 (55%)

1211 (47%)

966 (68%)

 

 Secondary

906 (23%)

663 (26%)

243 (17%)

 

 College/university

893 (23%)

678 (27%)

215 (15%)

 

BMI, kg/m2

26.9 ± 4.5

25.4 ± 3.8

29.7 ± 4.3

 < 0.001

Physical activity, METs-h/week

44 ± 38

45 ± 39

42 ± 37

0.031

Smoking status

0.026

 Never

1139 (29%)

377 (26%)

377 (26%)

 

 Current

1559 (39%)

965 (38%)

594 (42%)

 

 Former smokers

1278 (32%)

825 (32%)

453 (32%)

 

Alcohol consumption

 < 0.001

 Never

1174 (28%)

713 (27%)

461 (30%)

 

 Sometimes

1055 (25%)

737 (28%)

318 (21%)

 

 Regularly

1933 (46%)

1163 (45%)

770 (50%)

 

MedDiet

8.7 ± 2.0

8.6 ± 2.0

8.8 ± 2.0

0.003

Medications

 Antihypertensive therapy

676 (17%)

175 (7%)

501 (35%)

 < 0.001

 Lipid-Lowering therapy

380 (10%)

52 (2%)

328 (23%)

 < 0.001

 Antidiabetic agents

156 (4%)

21 (1%)

135 (9%)

 < 0.001

Risk factors

 Weight, kg

72 ± 14

68 ± 12.2

79 ± 14

 < 0.001

 Waist circumference, cm

92 ± 13

88 ± 12

101 ± 11

 < 0.001

 Systolic BP, mmHg

132 ± 19

126 ± 17

144 ± 17

 < 0.001

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

80 ± 10.2

77 ± 9

85 ± 10

 < 0.001

 Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL

101 ± 22

94 ± 12

114 ± 28

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

213 ± 38

210 ± 37

217 ± 39

 < 0.001

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

127 ± 34

125 ± 33

131 ± 35

 < 0.001

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

64 ± 17

68 ± 16

57 ± 15

 < 0.001

 Ratio TC: HDL-c (× 100)

3.5 ± 1.1

3.2 ± 0.9

4.0 ± 1.2

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

113.0 ± 82

89 ± 45

156 ± 111

 < 0.001

 TyG indexa

8.5 ± 0.6

8.2 ± 0.4

8.9 ± 0.6

 < 0.001

 TyG-WCb

787 ± 1423

722 ± 112

903 ± 117

 < 0.001

Self-reported chronic and cardiovascular disease

 Diabetes

355 (9%)

87 (3%)

268 (19%)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

997 (25%)

349 (14%)

648 (46%)

 < 0.001

 Hypercholesterolemia

1494 (38%)

760 (30%)

734 (52%)

 < 0.001

 Angina pectoris

57 (1%)

13 (1%)

44 (3%)

 < 0.001

 Heart failure

45 (1%)

13 (1%)

32 (2%)

 < 0.001

 Surgery or other revascularization procedure

30 (1%)

9 (0.4%)

21 (1%)

 < 0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease

57 (1%)

25 (1%)

32 (2%)

0.001

C-Reactive protein, mg/dL

9.2 ± 27.6

7.5 ± 27.8

12.0 ± 27.0

 < 0.001

Microalbuminuriac

231 (6%)

93 (4%)

138 (10%)

 < 0.001

Proteinuriad

42 (1%)

17 (1%)

25 (2%)

0.001

Renal diseasee

46 (1%)

22 (1%)

24 (2%)

0.002

Metabolic syndrome traits

 Elevated waist circumferencef

2755 (69%)

1389 (54%)

1366 (96%)

 < 0.001

 Elevated blood pressureg

2235 (56%)

935 (37%)

1300 (91%)

 < 0.001

  Elevated fasting glucoseh

1595 (40%)

456 (18%)

1139 (80%)

 < 0.001

 Reduced HDL-cholesteroli

665 (17%)

109 (4%)

556 (39%)

 < 0.001

 Elevated triglyceridesj

745 (19%)

140 (5%)

605 (42%)

 < 0.001

  1. Values are means ± SD or numbers of participants (percentages)
  2. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, Med Diet 14-item Mediterranean diet score, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, MET metabolic equivalent, Ratio TC: HDL-c ratio total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol; TyG index triglycerides and glucose index, TyG-WC product of triglycerides and glucose and waist circumference
  3. aTyG index: Ln(triglycerides × fasting glucose/2)
  4. bTyG-WC: product of the TyG index and waist circumference
  5. cMicroalbuminuria: ≥ 30 to < 300 mg/dL urine albumin
  6. dProteinuria: ≥ 300 mg/dL urine albumin
  7. eRenal disease: serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL for men or ≥ 1.4 mg/dl for women
  8. fElevated waist circumference (abdominal perimeter ≥ 80 cm for men and ≥ 94 cm for women)
  9. gElevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or receiving antihypertensive medication treatment)
  10. hElevated fasting glucose (≥ 100 mg/dL) or receiving antidiabetic treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents
  11. iReduced HDL-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women) or receiving treatment for dyslipidemia
  12. jElevated triglycerides, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL or receiving fenofibrate treatment
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840