Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2i and DPP4i before and after inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW)
| Â | Before IPTW | After IPTW | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SGLT2i (n = 15,606) | DPP4i (n = 12,383) | ASMD | SGLT2i (n = 27,054.45) | DPP4i (n = 26,889.05) | ASMD | |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
 Diabetes duration | 2310.07 ± 1316.40 | 1509.97 ± 1452.10 | 0.577 | 1966.89 ± 1397.89 | 1917.41 ± 1497.30 | 0.034 |
 Age (year) | 58.52 ± 11.76 | 62.52 ± 125.88 | 0.045 | 59.63 ± 12.03 | 60.43 ± 134.37 | 0.008 |
 Female | 6515 (41.7) | 5472 (44.2) | 0.049 | 11,861.4 (43.1) | 11,712.7 (43.6) | 0.009 |
 Ischemic heart etiology | 1482 (9.5) | 824 (6.7) | 0.104 | 2256.3 (8.2) | 2095.9 (7.8) | 0.015 |
 Hypertension | 10,350 (66.3) | 6527 (52.7) | 0.280 | 16,781.5 (61.0) | 16,036.0 (59.6) | 0.028 |
 Dyslipidemia | 11,315 (72.5) | 5732 (46.3) | 0.554 | 16,808.6 (61.1) | 15,912.7 (59.2) | 0.039 |
 Cerebral vascular accidents | 782 (5.0) | 1004 (8.1) | 0.125 | 1680.4 (6.1) | 1759.2 (6.5) | 0.018 |
 Congestive heart failure | 587 (3.8) | 488 (3.9) | 0.009 | 1026.6 (3.7) | 1038.0 (3.9) | 0.007 |
 Chronic lung disease | 322 (2.1) | 376 (3.0) | 0.062 | 645.0 (2.3) | 680.1 (2.5) | 0.012 |
 Chronic liver disease | 3980 (25.5) | 2175 (17.6) | 0.194 | 6093.8 (22.2) | 5720.7 (21.3) | 0.021 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 2639 (16.9) | 2417 (19.5) | 0.068 | 4770.4 (17.3) | 4801.1 (17.9) | 0.013 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 137 (0.9) | 144 (1.2) | 0.028 | 270.4 (1.0) | 300.4 (1.1) | 0.013 |
 Gout | 1506 (9.7) | 1152 (9.3) | 0.012 | 2664.5 (9.7) | 2627.1 (9.8) | 0.003 |
 Malignancy | 1146 (7.3) | 1401 (11.3) | 0.137 | 2441.2 (8.9) | 2525.0 (9.4) | 0.018 |
Vital sign | ||||||
 Height (cm) | 161.95 ± 12.62 | 160.26 ± 12.44 | 0.135 | 161.15 ± 13.05 | 160.97 ± 12.11 | 0.014 |
 Body weight (KG) | 74.37 ± 15.54 | 68.08 ± 39.50 | 0.210 | 71.87 ± 15.20 | 72.02 ± 81.04 | 0.003 |
 BMI | 28.05 ± 4.85 | 26.29 ± 15.89 | 0.150 | 27.40 ± 4.85 | 27.59 ± 33.11 | 0.008 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 139.10 ± 19.66 | 139.29 ± 21.62 | 0.009 | 139.21 ± 20.28 | 139.23 ± 20.94 | 0.001 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 78.18 ± 11.83 | 76.83 ± 12.62 | 0.110 | 77.79 ± 11.85 | 77.53 ± 12.52 | 0.021 |
 HR (bpm) | 84.73 ± 13.44 | 83.83 ± 14.45 | 0.065 | 84.44 ± 13.69 | 84.29 ± 14.42 | 0.010 |
Baseline laboratory data | ||||||
 HbA1c (%) | 8.86 ± 1.67 | 8.37 ± 1.97 | 0.270 | 8.68 ± 1.66 | 8.60 ± 2.02 | 0.041 |
 eGFR (ml/min/m2) | 94.28 ± 31.15 | 77.07 ± 41.83 | 0.467 | 89.64 ± 31.06 | 87.96 ± 47.23 | 0.042 |
 ALT (U/L) | 34.47 ± 38.40 | 31.67 ± 38.24 | 0.073 | 33.44 ± 35.24 | 33.47 ± 43.42 | 0.001 |
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 186.24 ± 250.65 | 169.85 ± 171.68 | 0.076 | 179.63 ± 217.31 | 180.47 ± 254.64 | 0.004 |
 LDL (mg/dL) | 94.56 ± 30.90 | 98.49 ± 33.64 | 0.122 | 97.02 ± 32.78 | 96.89 ± 32.39 | 0.004 |
 HDL (mg/d) | 43.56 ± 11.09 | 43.22 ± 12.12 | 0.029 | 43.68 ± 11.26 | 43.55 ± 12.10 | 0.011 |
Baseline medications | ||||||
 Anti-platelet agent | 5298 (33.9) | 3501 (28.3) | 0.123 | 8565.2 (31.1) | 8258.3 (30.7) | 0.009 |
 Statin | 9455 (60.6) | 5166 (41.7) | 0.384 | 14,457.3 (52.6) | 13,587.2 (50.5) | 0.041 |
 Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 811 (5.2) | 580 (4.7) | 0.024 | 1471.4 (5.3) | 1435.1 (5.3) | 0.001 |
 Dihydropyridine CCB | 2555 (16.4) | 2669 (21.6) | 0.132 | 5071.6 (18.4) | 5033.0 (18.7) | 0.007 |
 Beta-blocker | 5248 (33.6) | 3431 (27.7) | 0.129 | 8624.8 (31.4) | 8197.4 (30.5) | 0.019 |
 ACEI or ARB or ARNI | 9448 (60.5) | 6035 (48.7) | 0.239 | 15,511.8 (56.4) | 14,791.4 (55.0) | 0.028 |
 MRA | 462 (3.0) | 377 (3.0) | 0.005 | 816.8 (3.0) | 818.4 (3.0) | 0.004 |
 Loop diuretics | 1058 (6.8) | 1344 (10.9) | 0.144 | 2168.5 (7.9) | 2317.4 (8.6) | 0.027 |
 Nitrate | 988 (6.3) | 723 (5.8) | 0.021 | 1668.9 (6.1) | 1586.9 (5.9) | 0.007 |
 Digoxin | 104 (0.7) | 64 (0.5) | 0.020 | 157.8 (0.6) | 157.9 (0.6) | 0.002 |
Anti-diabetic agent | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 SU | 10,342 (66.3) | 5033 (40.6) | 0.532 | 15,197.2 (55.3) | 14,296.7 (53.2) | 0.042 |
 Metformin | 14,011 (89.8) | 8224 (66.4) | 0.589 | 22,258.8 (80.9) | 21,131.2 (78.6) | 0.058 |
 Glinide | 479 (3.1) | 796 (6.4) | 0.158 | 1220.9 (4.4) | 1276.1 (4.7) | 0.015 |
 Glitazone | 3826 (24.5) | 690 (5.6) | 0.550 | 4602.4 (16.7) | 3701.6 (13.8) | 0.083 |
 Acarbose | 3077 (19.7) | 1017 (8.2) | 0.337 | 4130.1 (15.0) | 3567.1 (13.3) | 0.050 |
 Insulin | 2560 (16.4) | 2152 (17.4) | 0.026 | 4465.3 (16.2) | 4437.0 (16.5) | 0.007 |