Table 1 Characteristics of enrolled patients categorized based on a combination of ABI and  %MAP*

Age (year)

64 ± 10

70 ± 12

< 0.001

65 ± 12

73 ± 12

< 0.001

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

2559 (55.6%)

203 (40.6%)

< 0.001

66 (50.8%)

196 (58.0%)

0.192

< 0.001

Diabetes duration (year)

11 ± 7

14 ± 8

< 0.001

14 ± 8

15 ± 8

0.4

< 0.001

Currently smoking, n (%)

415 (9.0%)

32 (6.4%)

0.06

11 (8.5%)

26 (7.7%)

0.932

0.197

CVD history, n (%)

357 (7.8%)

72 (14.4%)

< 0.001

22 (16.9%)

96 (28.4%)

0.015

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.9 ± 4.1

25.3 ± 4.2

0.027

28.0 ± 5.0

25.0 ± 4.0

<0.001

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

135 ± 19

144 ± 24

< 0.001

140 ± 20

145 ± 25

0.139

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

77 ± 12

76 ± 13

0.519

75 ± 15

74 ± 16

0.584

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

8.2 ± 3.6

8.2 ± 3.4

0.999

8.3 ± 2.9

8.7 ± 3.8

0.76

0.066

HbA1c (%)

7.5 ± 1.6

7.6 ± 1.6

0.99

7.9 ± 2.0

7.8 ± 1.9

0.997

0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.1 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 1.0

0.966

4.1 ± 0.9

4.0 ± 1.0

0.881

0.188

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

0.999

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

0.915

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 1.3

1.5 ± 1.2

0.637

2.0 ± 1.9

1.7 ± 1.1

0.193

0.004

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

81 ± 28

70 ± 34

< 0.001

73 ± 34

53 ± 32

< 0.001

< 0.001

UACR ≥ 300 mg/g

498 (10.8%)

88 (17.6%)

< 0.001

19 (14.6%)

94 (27.8%)

0.004

< 0.001

ABI

1.11 ± 0.09

1.07 ± 0.09

< 0.001

0.83 ± 0.08

0.68 ± 0.21

< 0.001

< 0.001

baPWV (cm/sec)

1823 ± 433

2087 ± 671

< 0.001

1867 ± 690

2176 ± 1143

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ankle  %MAP (%)

39.4 ± 3.1

47.2 ± 1.8

< 0.001

40.9 ± 3.1

50.4 ± 3.5

< 0.001

< 0.001

Antiplatelet, n (%)

1212 (26.3%)

178 (35.6%)

< 0.001

64 (49.2%)

273 (80.8%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Statins, n (%)

3253 (70.7%)

351 (70.2%)

0.855

97 (74.6%)

250 (74.0%)

0.979

0.446

Hypertension, n (%)

3466 (75.3%)

414 (82.8%)

< 0.001

115 (88.5%)

317 (93.8%)

0.081

< 0.001

Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)

2397 (52.1%)

307 (61.4%)

< 0.001

87 (66.9%)

257 (76.0%)

0.06

< 0.001

ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%)

1714 (37.3%)

213 (42.6%)

0.022

58 (44.6%)

168 (49.7%)

0.377

< 0.001

α-blockers, n (%)

255 (5.5%)

74 (14.8%)

< 0.001

11 (8.5%)

64 (18.9%)

0.009

< 0.001

β-blockers, n (%)

949 (20.6%)

138 (27.6%)

< 0.001

38 (29.2%)

135 (39.9%)

0.041

< 0.001

Calcium channel blockers, n (%)

217 (4.7%)

28 (5.6%)

0.443

12 (9.2%)

37 (10.9%)

0.708

< 0.001

Diuretics, n (%)

396 (8.6%)

88 (17.6%)

< 0.001

24 (18.5%)

95 (28.1%)

0.043

< 0.001

Insulin therapy, n (%)

1032 (22.4%)

159 (31.8%)

< 0.001

42 (32.3%)

132 (39.1%)

0.213

< 0.001

Oral antihyperglycemic drugs

4175 (90.7%)

424 (84.8%)

< 0.001

113 (86.9%)

254 (75.1%)

0.008

< 0.001

Insulin secretagogues, n (%)

1638 (35.6%)

190 (38.0%)

0.311

45 (34.6%)

96 (28.4%)

0.23

0.028

Metformin, n (%)

1838 (39.9%)

174 (34.8%)

0.029

54 (41.5%)

69 (20.4%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Thiazolidinediones, n (%)

2737 (59.5%)

287 (57.4%)

0.393

72 (55.4%)

191 (56.5%)

0.908

0.469

α-Glucosidase inhibitors, n (%)

530 (11.5%)

40 (8.0%)

0.022

17 (13.1%)

17 (5.0%)

0.005

< 0.001

DPP4 inhibitors, n (%)

1046 (22.7%)

95 (19.0%)

0.065

30 (23.1%)

51 (15.1%)

0.056

0.002

SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)

415 (9.0%)

57 (11.4%)

0.096

8 (6.2%)

31 (9.2%)

0.384

0.212

Mortality, n (%)

165 (3.6%)

45 (9.0%)

< 0.001

11 (8.5%)

45 (13.3%)

0.197

< 0.001

CVD, n (%)

40 (0.9%)

19 (3.8%)

4 (3.1%)

27 (8.0%)

Cancer, n (%)

87 (1.9%)

12 (2.4%)

2 (1.5%)

2 (0.6%)

Others, n (%)

38 (0.8%)

14 (2.8%)

5 (3.8%)

16 (4.7%)

Incidence of mortality (deaths/100 person-years)

2.0

5.0

4.8

8.3