Fig. 4

Immunohistochemical analysis of SGLT1 in the heart. a Representative left ventricular (LV) epicardial section from a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The brownish staining refers to sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Full arrows indicate fibrotic tissue, blank arrows indicate adipose tissue, whereas the asterisk marks the lumen of an epicardial vessel. b Representative LV sections from controls and from patients with heart failure (HF). The brownish staining refers to SGLT1. Full arrows indicate fibrotic tissue, whereas blank arrows indicate adipose tissue. c Representative LV immunofluorescent sections from a patient with DCM depicting SGLT1 in green, the sarcolemma marker sodium–potassium ATPase (Na–K-ATPase) in red, and nuclei (DAPI) in blue. A merge of these recordings is also shown. Full arrows indicate staining of SGLT1 and Na–K-ATPase, respectively. DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DCM dilated cardiomyopathy, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, IHD ischemic heart disease, IHD-T2DM IHD and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Na–K-ATPase sodium–potassium ATPase, SGLT1 sodium-glucose cotransporter 1