Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Demographics

 Age (years)

54.2 ± 10.5

55.0 ± 14.1

55.7 ± 9.8

 Male; n (%)

19 (51.4)

35 (50.0)

20 (50.0)

 BMI (kg/m²⁾

23.00 ± 2.74

24.76 ± 3.01*

25.04 ± 2.20*

 BSA (kg/m²)

1.70 ± 0.18

1.71 ± 0.18

1.74 ± 0.16

 Smoking, n (%)

0

27 (38.6)

12 (30.0)

Laboratory data

 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.61 ± 1.67

5.30 ± 1.01

7.98 ± 2.67^§

 Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.34 ± 0.53

1.76 ± 1.28

1.92 ± 1.64

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.71 ± 1.04

4.39 ± 1.04

4.22 ± 0.80

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.44 ± 0.40

1.40 ± 1.12

1.21 ± 0.28

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.82 ± 0.97

2.52 ± 0.81

2.38 ± 0.67

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

98.4 ± 14.5

93.6 ± 18.8

90.2 ± 18.8

Hemodynamic variables

 Heart rate (beats/min)

70.1 ± 9.9

72.9 ± 16.7

71.5 ± 10.1

 SBP (mmHg)

114.2 ± 13.2

141.1 ± 19.5*

138.7 ± 14.5*

 DBP (mmHg)

71.6 ± 8.5

87.7 ± 16.5*

84.6 ± 9.6*

HTN treatment

 ACEI/ARB, n (%)

0

28 (40.0)

14 (35.0)

 Beta-blocker, n (%)

0

27 (38.6)

16 (40.0)

 Calcium channel blocker, n (%)

0

39 (55.7)

19 (47.5)

 Diuretics, n (%)

0

10 (14.3)

6 (15.0)

Diabetes treatment

 Oral, n (%)

0

0

33 (82.5)

 Insulin, n (%)

0

0

7 (17.5)