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Table 3 Lipid and inflammatory profile at baseline and following 1-year using the per-protocol analysis

From: Impact of combined training with different exercise intensities on inflammatory and lipid markers in type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis from a 1-year randomized controlled trial

  Control (n = 27) MCT (n = 28) HIIT (n = 25) MCT* Control HIIT* Control MCT* HIIT
Outcome Baseline 12 months Δ Baseline 12 months Δ Baseline 12 months Δ β (95% CI) β (95% CI) β (95% CI)
TC (mmol/L) 4.8 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 1.1† 0.4 ± 0.9 4.5 ± 0.9 4.6 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.7 5.0 ± 1.1 4.9 ± 0.9 − 0.1 ± 0.6 − 0.00 (− 0.05; 0.04) − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) 0.01 (− 0.34; 0.04)
LDL- C (mmol/L) 3.4 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.8 3.3 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 0.6 − 0.1 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.9 3.5 ± 0.8 − 0.1 ± 0.4 − 0.03 (− 0.07; 0.00) − 0.03 (− 0.07; − 0.00)* − 0.00 (− 0.00; 0.07)
HDL- C (mmol/L) 1.2 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.2 − 0.00 (− 0.01; 0.01) 0.00 (− 0.01; 0.01) − 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.01)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)+ 1.8 ± 0.9 1.9 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 1.2 1.4 ± 0.7 1.5 ± 0.6 0.1 ± 0.5 1.9 ± 1.0 1.7 ± 0.7 − 0.2 ± 0.6 − 0.00 (− 0.05; 0.04) − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) 0.02 (− 0.01; 0.05)
sCD163 (ng/L) 1.01 ± 0.4 0.95 ± 0.4 − 0.06 ± 0.3 0.95 ± 0.3 1.20 ± 0.4 0.25 ± 0.5 0.94 ± 0.5 1.01 ± 0.2 0.06 ± 0.4 − 0.01 (− 0.03;0.01) − 0.00 (− 0.02;0.02) − 0.01 (− 0.03;0.02)
TNF- α (pg/ml)+ 0.34 ± 0.59 0.76 ± 0.60† − 0.42 ± 0.7 0.29 ± 0.49 0.52 ± 0.62 0.23 ± 0.8 0.46 ± 0.60 0.65 ± 0.61 0.19 ± 0.8 − 0.02 (− 0.06; 0.03) − 0.02 (− 0.06; 0.02) 0.00 (− 0.05; 0.05)
IL-6 (pg/ml) 18.7 ± 13.1 25.7 ± 14.6† 7.0 ± 17.3 25.4 ± 15.9 21.8 ± 11.8 − 3.6 ± 16.4 17.8 ± 15.1 16.2 ± 8.9 − 1.6 ± 12.7 − 0.89 (− 1.77; − 0.01)* − 0.72 (− 1.53; 0.09) − 0.17 (− 1.02; 0.68)
CRP (nmol/L)+ 47.2 ± 36.3 41.8 ± 34.7 − 5.4 ± 35.2 33.3 ± 27.7 46.4 ± 35.0 13.1 ± 29.9 41.0 ± 31.7 42.6 ± 36.6 1.6 ± 58.3 1.54 (− 0.12; 3.20) 0.58 (− 2.23; 3.39) 0.95 (− 1.82; 3.74)
Cortisol (nmol/L)+ 457.3 ± 210.8 454.3 ± 234.6 − 2.9 ± 334.6 548.7 ± 309.3 485.9 ± 415.8 − 62.8 ± 474.3 559.9 ± 192.7 431.5 ± 129.2 − 128.5 ± 171 − 4.98 (− 26.9; 16.9) − 10.5 (− 24.1; 3.1) 5.47 (− 14.7; 25.7)
WBFI (kg/m2) 10.6 ± 3.4 10.8 ± 3.5 0.2 ± 0.9 10.6 ± 3.5 10.3 ± 3.5 − 0.3 ± 0.9 9.9 ± 4.0 9.5 ± 3.9 − 0.3 ± 0.8 − 0.04 (− 0.09; 0.01) * − 0.04 (− 0.08; 0.01) − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04)
AFI (kg/m2) 1.0 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.4 − 0.1 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.4 0.9 ± 0.4 − 0.1 ± 0.1 − 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.00) − 0.00 (− 0.01; 0.00) − 0.01 (− 0.01; 0.00)
WC (cm) 105.4 ± 11.2 104.6 ± 11.3 − 0.8 ± 3.6 103.5 ± 12.2 103.1 ± 12.2 − 0.4 ± 3.7 103.3 ± 15.7 102.9 ± 15.4 − 0.4 ± 3.6 0.04 (− 0.16; 0.23) 0.04 (− 0.16; 0.24) 0.00 (− 0.22; 0.22)
Weight (kg) 85.9 ± 15.7 85.6 ± 15.4 − 0.3 ± 3.6 82.0 ± 13.8 81.8 ± 13.9 − 0.2 ± 3.5 84.2 ± 19.2 83.9 ± 18.6 − 0.3 ± 3.1 0.01 (− 0.18; 0.19) − 0.00 (− 0.18; 0.18) 0.01 (− 0.19; 0.20)
  1. Betas coefficients are presented as unstandardized coefficients adjusted for age, sex and baseline MVPA with the respective 95% confidence intervals
  2. AFI android fat index, CRP C-reactive protein, HIIT high-intensity interval training, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-6 interleukin 6; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MCT moderate continuous training, TC total cholesterol, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alfa, WBFI whole-body fat index
  3. * Between-group changes significant at p < 0.05
  4. † Within-group changes significant at p < 0.05
  5. +Skewed values are presented as median ± inter quartile range
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840