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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the primary analysis

From: Diabetes as a risk factor for incident peripheral arterial disease in women compared to men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study name, location

Baseline year(s), (years of follow-upa)

Study size, n (% female)

Mean age, in years

Diabetes, n (% female)

Ascertainment of diabetes

Incident PAD, n (% female)

Method of PAD/PVD ascertainment

Maximum adjustment available

Alzamora et al. [23], Spain

2011–2012, (5)

2256 (59.0%)

63

289 (48.8%)

Self-report and clinical history

95 (51.6%)

ABI value < 0.9

Age, atherogenic dyslipidemia, BMI, central obesity, education level, high LDL, high triglycerides, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, low LDL, physical activity, sex, smoking

Emanuelsson et al. [24], Denmark

1976-1978 (Copenhagen City Heart Study) or 2003-2018 (Copenhagen General Population Study) (9b)

117,193 (55.1%)

58c

2437 (47.5%)

ICD-8 (249, 250) or ICD-10 (E10, E11, E14) diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes

3615 (%)

ICD-8 (249.04, 249.05, 250.04, 250.05, 440-441, 443.99, 445) or ICD-10 (E10.5, E11.5, E14.5, 170–172, 173.9) diagnosis of PAD

Birth year, current smoking, pack-years smoked, BMI, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, time since last meal, and menopausal status (in women)

Kennedy et al. [25],

USA

1989–1990; 1992–1993, (6)

3126 (64.0%)

74

378

Use of antidiabetic medications or by the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria

251 (59.8%)

1.4 ≥ ABI > 0.9 at baseline, with a decline in ABI of > 0.15 and to ABI ≤ 0.9 at follow-up; OR hospitalization (s) with ICD codes 440.2 or 443.9.

Age, cigarette smoking, fibrinogen, history of myocardial infarction, HDL, history of stroke, hypertension, lipid-lowering drug use, LDL, race, triglycerides

Krause et al. [26], Germany

2001, (7)

5735 (59.1%)

72

1328 (52.6%)

Previous clinical diagnosis or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or use of antidiabetic medications

740 (58.2%)

Any of the following symptom(s): history of peripheral revascularization, necrosis/gangrene, and/or peripheral amputation OR

ABI ≤ 0.9, as assessed by linear regression modelling of multiple follow-up points

Age, antihypertensive medication, BMI, CVD co-morbidity, education, GFR, homocysteine, LDL, sCRP, smoking, statin use, systolic BP, vitamin D

Shah et al. [27], England

People who were (or turned) 20 years or older between Jan 1, 2009 to March 25, 2010, (6b)

1921,260 (49.7%)

 45

34,198 (46.2%)

Coded diagnoses recorded in CPRD or hospital episode statistics. Type 1 diabetes cases excluded.

11,066

Coded diagnoses and procedures in primary care, secondary care and death certificates, including for, but not limited to, intermittent claudication, limb ischemia or gangrene due to atherosclerotic disease in the arteries of the legs.

*Patient follow-up ended upon death or initial presentation of any cardiovascular disease.

Age, antihypertensive medication, BMI, HDL, smoking status, socioeconomic status, statin, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol

Turnstall-Pedoe et al. [28], Scotland

1984–1995, (20)

15,737 (52.0%)

49

236 (48.6%)

Measured

499 (41.7%)

At baseline: self-report and documented hospital discharge diagnosis. At endline: hospital diagnoses (ICD 9 = 440.2, 443.9, and/or 250.6; ICD-10 = I70.2, I73.9, E10.5, E11.5, E12.5, E13.5, OR E14.5)

Tobacco smoker, family history of CHD, age, hsC-reactive protein, systolic BP, expired carbon monoxide, cotinine, SIMD score, Lipoprotein (a), R-250 HD (adj), NT-pro-BNP, Glucose, triglycerides, cystatin-C

Weiss et al. [29], USA

2000–2002, (13b)

5953 (50.0%)

 

703 (46.2%)

Fasting glucose > 125 mg/dL or use of antidiabetic medication

168 (47.0%)

Self-reported diagnosis, hospital records review, or Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services records

Age, race/ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, BMI

  1. a Reported as mean, unless otherwise specified
  2. b Follow-up time reported as median
  3. c Age reported as median