Effects of empagliflozin versus placebo on cardiac sympathetic activity in acute myocardial infarction patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the EMBODY trial

Table 2 HRV parameters’ changes following empagliflozin exposure or placebo (baseline–24 weeks), assessed using Holter ECG

Parameter	Empagliflozin (n = 46)			Placebo (n = 50)			Adjusted difference Between groups (95% CI)		P
Parameter	Baseline	24 weeks	P	Baseline	24 weeks	P	Adjusted difference Between groups (95% CI)		P
HRV
Average NN, msec	882.4 (130.1)	889.0 (131.1)	0.43	866.7 (128.6)	884.7(99.2)	0.15	−11.6	(− 57.1, 33.9)	0.61
SDNN, msec	101.1 (37.4)	112.8 (46.1)	< 0.01	102.5 (36.9)	113.2 (33.6)	< 0.01	0.9	(− 10.1, 12.0)	0.87
SDANN, msec	81.0 (27.0)	92.7 (28.9)	0.02	82.2 (28.8)	91.4 (24.2)	0.06	2.5	(− 9.5, 14.5)	0.68
r-MSSD, msec	34.2 (54.8)	40.7 (67.6)	0.01	39.2 (54.4)	41.5 (56.0)	0.35	4.2	(− 2.0, 10.4)	0.19
pNN50, %	8.6 (18.4)	8.7 (17.7)	0.92	9.3 (18.9)	10.2 (18.8)	0.38	−0.8	(− 3.4, 1.8)	0.55
HF, msec²	1057.3 (4700.3)	1623.2 (6923.6)	0.04	1136.9 (4240.3)	1200.1 (4280.8)	0.76	499.4	(− 195.4, 1194.2)	0.16
LF, msec²	748.6 (2321.6)	1082.0 (3584.3)	0.05	818.4 (2160.3)	914.2 (2161.6)	0.60	235.6	(− 151.6, 622.7)	0.23
LF/HF ratio	2.77 (2.21)	2.37 (1.55)	0.01	2.09 (1.31)	2.09 (1.20)	0.43	−0.40	(− 0.94, 0.13)	0.14

Data are expressed as mean (SD) and analyzed using ANCOVA adjusting for allocation factors
CI, Confidence interval; HRV, heart rate variability; SDNN, Standard deviation of normal RR intervals; SDANN, Standard deviation of all 5 min mean normal RR intervals; r-MSSD, Square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals; pNN50, Percentage of adjacent RR intervals differing by > 50 ms; HF, high-frequency power; LF, low-frequency power

ISSN: 1475-2840