Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the CHF patients with non-reduced LVEF (≥ 40%) or reduced LVEF (< 40%)
|  | LVEF ≥ 40% | LVEF < 40% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 131) | Diabetic (n = 34) | Nondiabetic (n = 97) | P-value | All (n = 144) | Diabetic (n = 44) | Nondiabetic (n = 100) | P-value | |
Demographic finding | ||||||||
 Age, years | 58 ± 16 | 63 ± 11 | 57 ± 17 | 0.05 | 54 ± 16 | 60 ± 13 | 52 ± 17 | 0.01 |
 Male | 88 (67%) | 25 (74%) | 63 (65%) | 0.36 | 124 (86%) | 38 (86%) | 86 (86%) | 0.95 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | 25.2 ± 5.3 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | < 0.01 | 23.2 ± 4.9 | 24.8 ± 6.4 | 22.6 ± 3.9 | 0.22 |
NYHA functional class | 0.69 | Â | Â | Â | 0.31 | |||
 I | 29 (22%) | 6 (18%) | 23 (24%) |  | 15 (10%) | 3 (7%) | 12 (12%) |  |
 II | 89 (68%) | 25 (73%) | 64 (66%) |  | 88 (61%) | 25 (57%) | 63 (63%) |  |
 III | 13 (10%) | 3 (9%) | 10 (10%) |  | 41 (28%) | 16 (36%) | 25 (25%) |  |
Primary cause of HF | ||||||||
 Ischemic cause | 25 (19%) | 8 (24%) | 17 (18%) | 0.44 | 34 (24%) | 14 (32%) | 20 (20%) | 0.12 |
 Dilated cardiomyopathy | 17 (13%) | 4 (12%) | 13 (13%) | 0.81 | 55 (38%) | 17 (39%) | 38 (38%) | 0.94 |
 Others | 90 (69%) | 23 (68%) | 67 (69%) | 0.88 | 54 (38%) | 12 (28%) | 42 (42%) | 0.09 |
 Hypertension | 60 (46%) | 24 (71%) | 36 (37%) | < 0.01 | 43 (30%) | 16 (36%) | 27 (27%) | 0.26 |
 Dyslipidemia | 48 (37%) | 20 (59%) | 28 (29%) | < 0.01 | 55 (38%) | 25 (57%) | 30 (30%) | < 0.01 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 33 (25%) | 14 (41%) | 19 (20%) | 0.01 | 32 (22%) | 13 (30%) | 19 (19%) | 0.16 |
Echocardiographic findings | ||||||||
 LVEDD, mm | 53.5 ± 9.1 | 56.0 ± 7.7 | 52.6 ± 9.4 | 0.04 | 64.8 ± 9.3 | 63.1 ± 8.8 | 65.5 ± 9.5 | 0.47 |
 LVEF,  % | 53.1 ± 10.0 | 49.9 ± 7.7 | 54.2 ± 10.5 | 0.06 | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 31.1 ± 5.7 | 28.4 ± 6.2 | 0.02 |
 E/A ratioa | 1.07 ± 0.54 | 1.24 ± 0.98 | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 0.89 | 1.33 ± 1.03 | 1.37 ± 1.09 | 1.32 ± 1.02 | 0.85 |
 Deceleration timeb, msec | 235.3 ± 71.1 | 221.6 ± 72.0 | 239.8 ± 70.9 | 0.26 | 190.3 ± 51.5 | 191.5 ± 45.4 | 189.8 ± 54.1 | 0.73 |
 E/e′c | 10.2 ± 3.5 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 9.6 ± 3.2 | 0.03 | 11.5 ± 4.8 | 12.5 ± 5.4 | 11.0 ± 4.5 | 0.11 |
Laboratory measurements | ||||||||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 0.87 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 13.4 ± 1.7 | 0.48 |
 Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.03 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | < 0.01 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 64.7 ± 22.2 | 57.0 ± 20.0 | 67.4 ± 22.4 | 0.02 | 62.2 ± 22.8 | 52.4 ± 17.9 | 66.6 ± 23.4 | < 0.01 |
 HbA1c, % | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | < 0.01 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | < 0.01 |
 BNP, pg/mL | 180.0 ± 299.1 | 192.0 ± 174.5 | 176.1 ± 330.5 | 0.03 | 383.7 ± 457.2 | 409.1 ± 512.2 | 373.0 ± 434.3 | 0.66 |
Medications | ||||||||
 ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 94 (72) | 30 (88) | 64 (66) | 0.01 | 135 (94) | 43 (98) | 92 (92) | 0.19 |
 β blockers | 84 (65) | 27 (82) | 57 (59) | 0.02 | 136 (94) | 43 (98) | 93 (93) | 0.25 |
 MRAs | 41 (32) | 13 (39) | 28 (29) | 0.26 | 94 (65) | 27 (61) | 67 (67) | 0.51 |
 Statins | 48 (37) | 15 (46) | 33 (34) | 0.24 | 56 (39) | 24 (55) | 32 (32) | 0.01 |
 Insulin | 2 (2) | 2 (6) | – | NA | 5 (3) | 5 (12) | – | NA |
 Metformin | 4 (3) | 4 (12) | – | NA | 7 (5) | 7 (16) | – | NA |
 DPP4 inhibitors | 7 (5) | 7 (21) | – | NA | 7 (5) | 7 (16) | – | NA |
 Sulfonylureas | 7 (5) | 7 (22) | – | NA | 4 (3) | 4 (9) | – | NA |