| Total | No significant CS | CS 50–69% | CS  ≥ 70% | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 166 | 106 | 28 | 32 | Â |
Age (years) | 58.9 ± 10.8 | 57.2 ± 10.7 | 60.9 ± 9.8 | 62.8 ± 11.0 | 0.020 |
Gender (M/F) | 103/63 | 63/43 | 21/7 | 19/13 | 0.301 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 2.6 | 24.5 ± 2.7 | 24.6 ± 2.5 | 26.0 ± 2.1 | 0.019 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 90.4 ± 11.3 | 88.8 ± 11.3 | 92.1 ± 11.7 | 94.0 ± 10.4 | 0.054 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.6 ± 22.4 | 130.3 ± 18.5 | 152.0 ± 18.3 | 165.0 ± 11.1 |  < 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85.7 ± 13.8 | 80.3 ± 11.2 | 91.1 ± 14.9 | 98.8 ± 9.5 |  < 0.0001 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.00 [3.00–8.00] | 3.00 [2.00–4.00] | 7.00 [6.00–9.00] | 11.50 [8.00–12.00] |  < 0.0001 |
Practicing physical activity | 43 (25.9) | 30 (28.3) | 10 (35.7) | 3 (9.4) | 0.043 |
Smoking | 61 (36.7) | 27 (25.5) | 15 (53.6) | 19 (59.4) |  < 0.0001 |
Metabolic syndrome | 109 (65.7) | 60 (56.6) | 17 (60.7) | 32 (100.0) |  < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 221.2 ± 52.3 | 222.7 ± 53.3 | 225.5 ± 46.1 | 212.5 ± 54.8 | 0.562 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 228.7 ± 93.4 | 218.3 ± 94.3 | 233.6 ± 98.6 | 259.0 ± 80.4 | 0.091 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 44.0 ± 10.6 | 45.2 ± 11.3 | 44.2 ± 10.8 | 40.0 ± 6.4 | 0.053 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 134.3 ± 45.0 | 130.5 ± 44.9 | 143.2 ± 51.5 | 139.2 ± 39.0 | 0.330 |
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 177.2 ± 51.9 | 177.5 ± 52.7 | 181.3 ± 47.7 | 172.5 ± 54.0 | 0.804 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 153.6 ± 46.8 | 147.0 ± 43.5 | 148.2 ± 53.3 | 180.2 ± 43.0 | 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 1.1 | 0.000 |
TyG index | 9.64 ± 0.63 | 9.56 ± 0.61 | 9.58 ± 0.71 | 9.97 ± 0.49 | 0.005 |
Insulin (mU/L) | 22 [15–34] | 21 [14–35] | 20 [12–31] | 30 [20–40] | 0.092 |
HOMA-IR index | 8.10 [4.65–13.93] | 7.60 [4.33–12.83] | 6.20 [2.95–11.90] | 13.45 [7.48–17.53] | 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 85.3 ± 23.5 | 88.7 ± 26.0 | 80.2 ± 15.8 | 78.3 ± 18.2 | 0.040 |
Drug therapy | |||||
 Metformin | 163 (98.2) | 104 (98.1) | 28 (100) | 31 (96.9) | 0.660 |
 Sulphonylurea | 149 (89.8) | 91 (85.8) | 28 (100) | 30 (93.8) | 0.064 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.752 |
 DPP-4 inhibitor | 5 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.1) | 3 (9.4) | 0.009 |
 α-glucosidase inhibitor | 30 (18.1) | 5 (4.7) | 9 (32.1) | 16 (50.0) |  < 0.0001 |
 Insulin | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (3.1) | 0.034 |
 Antiplatelet | 94 (56.6) | 46 (43.4) | 23 (82.1) | 25 (78.1) |  < 0.0001 |
 Statin | 96 (57.8) | 47 (44.3) | 23 (82.1) | 26 (81.2) |  < 0.0001 |