Table 2 6-months high-dose-bolus n-3PUFA supplementation on vascular health, glycemic control, and metabolic parameters in T1D
Outcome | Pretreatment | 3Â months | 6Â months | 9Â months | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-3PUFA | Placebo | n-3PUFA | Placebo | n-3PUFA | Placebo | n-3PUFA | Placebo | ||
Vascular health | |||||||||
 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ng/mL) | 823.83 ± 593.23 | 752.4 ± 631.97 | 865.58 ± 659.42 | 730.00 ± 610.72 | 848.12 ± 608.67 | 708.14 ± 691.22 | 843.17 ± 603.50 | 788.55 ± 603.53 | 0.833 |
 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ng/mL) | 1225 ± 817 | 865 ± 205 | 1231 ± 845 | 945 ± 422 | 1221 ± 807 | 800 ± 170 | 1182 ± 796 | 831 ± 197 | 0.491 |
 Vascular endothelial growth factor (pg/mL) | 87.97 ± 45.03 | 75.06 ± 24.43 | 90.55 ± 47.56 | 87.54 ± 57.44 | 92.47 ± 52.52 | 63.74 ± 17.20 | 83.21 ± 45.49 | 71.18 ± 18.98 | 0.271 |
 E-Selectin (ng/mL) | 41.14 ± 21.79 | 45.45 ± 13.35 | 41.40 ± 21.93 | 44.64 ± 16.78 | 39.31 ± 20.74 | 41.53 ± 10.35 | 36.64 ± 18.76 | 44.54 ± 15.32 | 0.598 |
 P-Selectin (ng/mL) | 32.81 ± 12.51 | 37.73 ± 11.48 | 33.61 ± 14.05 | 37.70 ± 9.84 | 31.25 ± 11.57 | 35.17 ± 8.14 | 33.66 ± 14.06 | 35.29 ± 8.05 | 0.842 |
 Pentraxin-3 (ng/mL) | 3.80 ± 3.62 | 2.31 ± 1.25 | 3.89 ± 3.80 | 2.94 ± 2.88 | 3.77 ± 3.60 | 2.07 ± 0.98 | 3.71 ± 3.50 | 2.33 ± 1.31 | 0.529 |
 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (pg/mL) | 56.48 ± 41.77 | 59.25 ± 26.25 | 57.19 ± 43.15 | 61.57 ± 34.65 | 56.48 ± 41.76 | 55.67 ± 24.26 | 53.86 ± 38.26 | 57.80 ± 27.17 | 0.678 |
 Far wall carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.216 |
 Flow mediated dilation (%) | 6.99 ± 1.45 | 7.42 ± 1.29 | 7.03 ± 1.48 | 7.24 ± 1.58 | 6.84 ± 1.61 | 7.25 ± 1.59 | 6.82 ± 1.36 | 7.26 ± 1.53 | 0.332 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 127 ± 11 | 133 ± 12 | 121 ± 11 | 127 ± 10 | 126 ± 6 | 123 ± 9 | 124 ± 12 | 124 ± 9 | 0.248 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 6 | 69. ± 6 | 74 ± 7 | 69 ± 6 | 72 ± 7 | 68 ± 7 | 70 ± 5 | 0.466 |
Glycemic control | |||||||||
 Glycosylated haemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 54.20 ± 11.95 | 62.89 ± 13.81 | 57.60 ± 11.70 | 61.22 ± 12.18 | 57.70 ± 13.63 | 64.33 ± 14.40 | 58.10 ± 12.24 | 62.00 ± 11.95 | 0.404 |
 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)a | 11.51 ± 4.16 | 10.44 ± 4.02 | 12.40 ± 5.78 | 9.55 ± 4.93 | 12.25 ± 4.76 | 10.99 ± 4.28 | 13.12 ± 4.72 | 10.44 ± 3.11 | 0.798 |
 PPGR (mmol/L/min)c | 5423 ± 1223 | 5687 ± 3213 | 5979 ± 2042 | 5144 ± 2294 | 6030 ± 1856 | 5169 ± 2435 | 6883 ± 1975 | 5324 ± 2253 | 0.135 |
Metabolic parameters | |||||||||
 Triglycerides (mmol/L)a | 1.02 ± 0.65 | 1.11 ± 0.63 | 0.98 ± 0.41 | 1.07 ± 0.55 | 0.92 ± 0.54 | 1.15 ± 0.49 | 1.06 ± 0.56 | 1.20 ± 0.69 | 0.858 |
 PPTR (mmol/L/min)c | 610.08 ± 331.62 | 662 ± 401 | 578 ± 209 | 600 ± 227 | 567 ± 243 | 676 ± 398 | 641 ± 173 | 669 ± 326 | 0.792 |
 Cholesterol (mmol/L)b | 4.23 ± 0.91 | 4.11 ± 0.47 | 4.22 ± 0.45 | 4.16 ± 0.59 | 5.01 ± 1.46 | 3.96 ± 0.71 | 4.80 ± 1.60 | 4.33 ± 1.44 | 0.432 |
 Non-esterified fatty acids (mmol/L)b | 0.37 ± 0.18 | 0.57 ± 0.36 | 0.48 ± 0.37 | 0.39 ± 0.16 | 0.38 ± 0.40 | 0.54 ± 0.32 | 0.52 ± 0.36 | 0.55 ± 0.29 | 0.254 |
Anthropometry | |||||||||
 Body weight (kg) | 82.56 ± 15.34 | 80.22 ± 19.07 | 82.56 ± 14.30 | 80.83 ± 18.61 | 82.15 ± 15.47 | 80.96 ± 18.85 | 82.53 ± 14.96 | 80.56 ± 17.87 | 0.669 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.13 ± 3.43 | 28.14 ± 6.38 | 25.20 ± 3.29 | 27.13 ± 4.78 | 25.10 ± 3.71 | 27.40 ± 5.10 | 25.19 ± 3.40 | 27.25 ± 4.44 | 0.552 |
 Body Fat (%) | 19.43 ± 6.86 | 26.47 ± 15.47 | 19.65 ± 6.73 | 25.09 ± 10.85 | 19.48 ± 7.49 | 25.83 ± 11.68 | 19.36 ± 7.50 | 24.68 ± 11.17 | 0.739 |