Table 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study patients according to status of GDF-15
|  | Total n = 3641 | Low GDF-15 (< 1200 ng/L) (n = 991) | Medium GDF-15 (1200–1800 ng/L) (n = 750) | High GDF-15 (> 1800 ng/L) (n = 1900) | P value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 61.4 (27–95) | 57.2 (26–95) | 59.9 (30–92) | 64.3 (27–95) | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 2632 (72.29) | 735 (74.17) | 540 (53.33) | 1357 (71.42) | 0.484 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.64 (13.3–41) | 26.02 (13.3–41) | 25.82 (16.5–37.4) | 25.38 (17.5–32.1) | 0.074 |
Current smokers, n (%) | 1668 (45.82) | 473 (47.72) | 345 (46.00) | 850 (44.70) | 0.304 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 2370 (65.09) | 592 (59.74) | 474 (63.20) | 1304 (68.63) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 1120 (30.76) | 282 (28.5%) | 230 (30.70) | 608 (32.0) | 0.034 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1163 (31.94) | 223 (22.50) | 226 (30.13) | 714 (37.58) | < 0.001 |
Previous MI, n (%) | 254 (6.98) | 54 (5.45) | 44 (5.89) | 156 (8.21) | < 0.001 |
Previous PCI/CABG, n (%) | 299 (8.21) | 66 (6.66) | 57 (7.58) | 176 (9.26) | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.03 ± 1.0 | 3.97 ± 1.02 | 4.03 ± 1.09 | 4.10 ± 1.14 | 0.046 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.07 ± 0.68 | 1.06 ± 0.43 | 1.09 ± 0.94 | 1.07 ± 0.67 | 0.624 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.40 ± 0.91 | 2.36 ± 0.84 | 2.44 ± 0.90 | 2.40 ± 0.96 | 0.201 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.62 ± 1.21 | 1.65 ± 1.11 | 1.66 ± 1.05 | 1.60 ± 1.32 | 0.326 |
Medications | |||||
Aspirin, n (%) | 3415 (93.79%) | 942 (95.06%) | 718 (95.73%) | 1755 (92.37%) | 0.067 |
ACEI, n (%) | 1503 (41.28%) | 403 (40.67%) | 305 (40.67%) | 822 (43.26%) | 0.289 |
β-blocker, n (%) | 1629 (44.74%) | 744 (75.08%) | 533 (71.07%) | 1352 (71.16%) | 0.070 |
Statins, n (%) | 3442 (94.53%) | 944 (95.25%) | 716 (95.47%) | 1782 (93.79%) | 0.070 |