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Table 3 Baseline clinical characteristics according to CKD progression during the follow-up period

From: Peripheral arterial endothelial dysfunction predicts future cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with albuminuria: a prospective cohort study

 

Without any events

With any events

P1

P2

Entire

No CKD progression

CKD progression

n = 112

n = 37

n = 10

n = 27

 Age, year

61.0 ± 9.3

64.1 ± 8.5

66.7 ± 8.5

63.6 ± 8.5

0.044

0.323

 Men, n (%)

58 (51.8)

21 (56.8)

7 (70.0)

14 (51.9)

0.599

0.322

 Duration of DM, years

11.0 (7.0–16.8)

14.0 (8.0–17.0)

10.0 (6.0–17.5)

15.0 (11.0–19.0)

0.242

0.319

 BMI, kg/m2

26.4 (24.1–28.0)

25.8 (24.2–27.7)

25.2 (23.9–27.6)

25.8 (24.6–28.7)

0.654

0.468

 SBP, mmHg

130.3 ± 15.0

130.8 ± 16.6

118.9 ± 12.6

134.9 ± 15.6

0.863

0.006

 DBP, mmHg

78.2 ± 10.8

73.8 ± 9.2

72.6 ± 10.7

73.8 ± 8.6

0.017

0.722

 Hypertension, n (%)

100 (89.3)

34 (91.9)

8 (80.0)

26 (96.3)

0.648

0.107

 HbA1c, %

7.2 (6.8–7.8)

7.3 (6.7–8.0)

7.0 (6.6–8.0)

7.3 (6.6–8.0)

0.584

0.625

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

81.0 (69.3–94.8)

77.0 (66.0–97.0)

70.5 (64.0–99.3)

78.0 (67.0–99.0)

0.597

0.408

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

44.0 (37.0–51.8)

43.0 (38.0–53.0)

49.5 (39.5–55.0)

41.0 (33.0–53.0)

0.661

0.257

 Triglyceride, mg/dL

123.5 (88.0–171.0)

127.0 (91.0–188.0)

111.0 (74.8–180.0)

127.0 (103.0–216.0)

0.333

0.271

 hsCRP, mg/L

0.5 (0.3–1.3)

0.9 (0.4–2.4)

1.9 (0.6–3.3)

0.8 (0.3–1.9)

0.113

0.122

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

84.7 (70.8–94.3)

61.5 (51.9–72.9)

82.1 (51.0–98.8)

61.0 (49.8–67.0)

< 0.001

0.023

 ACR, mg/g

77.5 (44.9–146.4)

265.7 (79.1–636.6)

234.6 (52.7–778.6)

285.0 (174.7–835.4)

< 0.001

0.353

 Overt proteinuria, n (%)

13 (11.6)

19 (51.4)

4 (40.0)

15 (55.6)

< 0.001

0.401

 RHI

1.50 (1.31–1.85)

1.39 (1.26–1.57)

1.43 (1.23–1.48)

1.37 (1.26–1.59)

0.050

0.625

 Diabetic retinopathy

  No

55 (53.4)

10 (29.4)

2 (22.0)

8 (32.0)

0.038

0.706

  NDPR

29 (28.2)

15 (44.1)

6 (66.7)

9 (36.0)

  

  PDR

19 (18.4)

9 (26.5)

1 (11.1)

8 (32.0)

  

 Current smoker, n (%)

36 (32.1)

11 (29.7)

4 (40.0)

7 (25.9)

0.784

0.406

 ARB, n (%)

86 (81.1)

28 (77.8)

6 (66.7)

22 (81.5)

0.662

0.355

 CCB, n (%)

46 (43.4)

19 (52.8)

4 (44.4)

15 (55.6)

0.329

0.563

 BB, n (%)

9 (8.5)

6 (16.7)

0

6 (22.2)

0.168

0.121

 Statin, n (%)

98 (87.5)

30 (81.1)

8 (80.0)

22 (81.5)

0.331

0.919

 Anti-platelet, n (%)

49 (43.8)

20 (54.1)

6 (60.0)

14 (51.9)

0.276

0.659

 Previous IHD, n (%)

0

4 (10.8)

1 (10.0)

3 (11.1)

< 0.001

0.923

 Previous stoke, n (%)

3 (2.7)

1 (2.8)

0

1 (3.7)

0.975

0.558

  1. All values are expressed in mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and proportions (%) for categorical variables
  2. CKD progression defined as decrease from baseline in eGFR by 30% or more to an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, or an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 during the follow-up period
  3. CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, c-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated Glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium chanel blocker; BB, beta-blocker; IHD, ischemic heart disease
  4. 1Compared between those without and without any events using Mann-Whitney test, independent t test and chi-square test
  5. 2Compared between those with and without CKD progression among subjects with any events using Mann-Whitney test, independent t test and chi-square test
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840