Peripheral arterial endothelial dysfunction predicts future cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with albuminuria: a prospective cohort study

Table 2 Cox Proportional Hazards Analysis for Cardiovascular Events according to Peripheral Endothelial Dysfunction (PED)

	Events, n (%)			Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2
	No PED (n = 44)	PED (n = 105)	P*	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Primary outcome	1 (2.3)	11 (10.5)	0.093	4.62 (0.60, 35.79)	0.143	11.49 (1.16, 114.24)	0.037	10.95 (1.00, 119.91)	0.050
Secondary outcome	4 (9.1)	33 (31.4)	0.004	3.45 (1.22, 9.75)	0.019	3.85 (1.31, 11.29)	0.014	4.12 (1.37, 12.41)	0.012
Acute coronary event	1 (2.3)	9 (8.6)	0.161	3.79 (0.48, 29.88)	0.207	9.24 (0.90, 95.36)	0.062	8.05 (0.64, 101.10)	0.106
Stroke	0	2 (1.9)	0.357	–	0.594	–	0.983	–	0.965
Heart failure	0	3 (2.9)	0.257	–	0.498	–	0.953	–	0.858
CKD¹	4 (9.1)	23 (21.9)	0.064	2.16 (0.74, 6.26)	0.157	2.17 (0.72, 6.61)	0.171	3.26 (1.01, 10.50)	0.048

PED was defined as RHI < 1.67. Primary outcome was composed of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); secondary outcome was a composite of 3-point MACE, hospitalization for heart failure, or chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, proteinuria, duration of diabetes, and premedical history of ischemic events
Model 2: adjusted for systolic blood pressure, baseline e-GFR, anti-platelet agents, and smoking history in addition to Model 1
¹CKD progression defined as decrease from baseline in eGFR by 30% or more to an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m², or an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² during the follow-up period
^*Comparison the number of events between those with and without PED

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