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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics according to peripheral endothelial dysfunction (PED)

From: Peripheral arterial endothelial dysfunction predicts future cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with albuminuria: a prospective cohort study

 

Total (n = 149)

No PED (n = 44)

PED (n = 105)

P1

 Age, year

61.8 ± 9.2

59.4 ± 9.9

62.8 ± 8.7

0.043

 Men, n (%)

79 (53.0)

23 (52.3)

56 (53.3)

0.906

 Duration of DM, years

12.0 (7.0–17.0)

11.0 (7.0–16.0)

13.0 (7.5–18.5)

0.309

 BMI, kg/m2

26.1 (24.1–28.0)

26.9 (24.6–28.4)

26.0 (23.9–27.5)

0.087

 SBP, mmHg

130.4 ± 15.4

134.4 ± 15.2

128.8 ± 15.2

0.042

 DBP, mmHg

77.2 ± 10.6

80.2 ± 12.7

75.9 ± 9.3

0.045

 Hypertension, n (%)

134 (89.9)

39 (88.6)

95 (90.5)

0.733

 HbA1c,  %

7.2 (6.7–7.8)

7.1 (6.8–7.5)

7.2 (6.7–7.9)

0.636

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

81.0 (68.5–98.0)

81.0 (69.0–97.8)

80.0 (67.0–94.0)

0.499

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

44.0 (37.0–52.0)

43.5 (36.3–55.0)

44.0 (37.0–50.5)

0.528

 Triglyceride, mg/dL

125.0 (88.0–176.5)

108.0 (78.5–156.3)

132.0 (95.5–182.5)

0.057

 hsCRP, mg/L

0.6 (0.3–1.4)

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

0.6 (0.3–1.6)

0.850

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

79.1 (62.2–92.9)

83.8 (69.1–92.7)

77.8 (61.4–93.0)

0.295

  eGFR ≥ 90, n (%)

46 (30.9)

14 (31.8)

32 (30.5)

0.583

  eGFR 60–89, n (%)

77 (51.7)

24 (54.5)

53 (50.5)

 

  eGFR 30–59, n (%)

26 (17.4)

6 (13.6)

20 (19.0)

 

 ACR, mg/g

95.2 (49.9–235.3)

92.4 (50.7–210.5)

97.5 (45.0–251.5)

0.867

 Overt proteinuria, n (%)

32 (21.5)

9 (20.5)

23 (21.9)

0.844

 Diabetic retinopathy

  No

65 (47.4)

21 (51.2)

44 (45.8)

0.645

  NDPR

44 (32.1)

12 (29.3)

32 (33.3)

 

  PDR

28 (20.4)

8 (19.5)

20 (20.8)

 

 Current smoker, n (%)

47 (31.5)

10 (22.7)

37 (35.2)

0.134

 ARB or ACEI, n (%)

114 (80.3)

34 (79.1)

80 (80.8)

0.811

 CCB, n (%)

65 (45.8)

22 (51.2)

43 (43.4)

0.396

 BB, n (%)

15 (10.6)

7 (16.3)

8 (8.1)

0.144

 Statin, n (%)

128 (85.9)

37 (81.8)

93 (87.6)

0.545

  No statin

19 (12.8)

7 (15.9)

12 (11.4)

0.746

  Low intensity

26 (17.4)

4 (9.1)

22 (21.0)

 

  Moderate intensity

102 (68.5)

32 (72.7)

70 (66.7)

 

  High intensity

2 (1.3)

1 (2.3)

1 (1.0)

 

 Anti-platelet, n (%)

69 (46.3)

14 (31.8)

55 (52.4)

0.022

 Anti-diabetic drugs

  Metformin

140 (94.0)

41 (93.2)

99 (94.3)

0.796

  SGLT2 inhibitors

9 (6.0)

4 (9.1)

5 (4.8)

0.312

  SU or insulin

120 (80.5)

32 (72.7)

88 (83.3)

0.119

 Previous IHD, n (%)

4 (2.7)

0

4 (3.8)

0.189

 Previous stoke, n (%)

4 (2.7)

2 (4.5)

2 (1.9)

0.369

  1. PED was defined as RHI < 1.67. All values are expressed in mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and proportions (%) for categorical variables
  2. DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, c-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated Glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BB, beta-blocker; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; GLP1-RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogue; SU, sulfonylurea; IHD, ischemic heart disease
  3. 1Comparison between those with and without PED using Mann-Whitney test, independent t test and chi-square test
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840