Fig. 1

Cumulative probability of primary and secondary outcomes according to peripheral arterial endothelial dysfunction (PED). Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the effect of PED (RHI < 1.67) on the primary and secondary outcome event rates during the follow-up period with adjustment for sex, age, hypertension, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, overt proteinuria, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR), premedical history of ischemic events, duration of diabetes, anti-platelet agents, and smoking history. Solid and dashed lines represent cumulative probability of a primary outcome composed of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), b secondary outcome composed of 3-point MACE, hospitalization for heart failure, or chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, c acute coronary events, and d CKD progression in those with and without PED, respectively. RHI, reactive hyperemia index; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; CKD, chronic kidney disease; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CAC, coronary artery calcification; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; PED, peripheral endothelial dysfunction; PCE, pooled Cohort Equations