Pioglitazone for primary stroke prevention in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective study

Yi-Chih Hung; Lu-Ting Chiu; Hung-Yu Huang; Da-Tian Bau

doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01056-x

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 3 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of ischemic stroke stratified by age, sex, and comorbidities between the pioglitazone and non-pioglitazone groups

From: Pioglitazone for primary stroke prevention in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: a retrospective study

Variables	Non-pioglitazone user (n = 6539)			Pioglitazone user (n = 6539)			Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p for interaction
Variables	Event	PY	IR	Event	PY	IR	Crude HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p for interaction
All	170	27,682	6.14	136	29,268	4.65	0.75 (0.60–0.90)**	0.78 (0.62–0.95)*
Age group (years)									0.11
< 45	46	10,445	4.40	23	10,857	2.12	0.48 (0.29–0.79)**	0.50 (0.30–0.82)**
45–64	52	8663	6.00	45	9659	4.66	0.77 (0.52–1.16)	0.76 (0.51–1.14)
≥ 65	72	8573	8.40	68	8752	7.77	0.90 (0.65–1.29)	0.89 (0.64–1.25)
Gender									0.58
Female	73	14,124	5.17	63	14,981	4.21	0.81 (0.57–1.13)	0.85 (0.30–1.20)
Male	97	13,557	7.15	73	14,287	5.11	0.71 (0.52–0.96)*	0.68 (0.20–0.92)*
Comorbidity									0.16
Heart failure
No	156	26,555	5.87	130	28,034	4.64	0.78 (0.62–0.99)*	0.79 (0.2–1.01)
Yes	14	1126	12.43	6	1234	4.86	0.38 (0.15–0.96)*	0.38 (0.14–1.03)
Arrhythmia									0.63
No	152	24,900	6.10	124	26,350	4.71	0.76 (0.60–0.95)*	0.76 (0.60–0.97)*
Yes	18	2781	6.47	12	2918	4.11	0.67 (0.32–1.41)	0.89 (0.41–1.95)
Chronic kidney disease									0.57
No	154	24,998	6.16	126	26,500	4.75	0.76 (0.61–0.97)*	0.77 (0.61–0.98)*
Yes	16	2683	5.96	10	2768	3.61	0.60 (0.27–1.32)	0.51 (0.22–1.21)
Hypertension									0.59
No	28	7737	3.62	25	8027	3.11	0.87 (0.51–1.51)	0.87 (0.50–1.52)
Yes	142	19,944	7.12	111	21,241	5.23	0.72 (0.57–0.93)*	0.74 (0.57–0.95)*
Hyperlipidemia									0.54
No	56	7518	7.45	46	7388	6.23	0.83 (0.56–1.24)	0.83 (0.55–1.24)
Yes	114	20,163	5.65	90	21,880	4.11	0.71 (0.54–0.94)**	0.72 (0.54–0.96)*
Number of risk factor									0.36
1	72	13,348	5.39	61	13,391	4.56	0.84 (0.60–1.19)	0.85 (0.60–1.20)
2	98	14,333	6.84	75	15,877	4.72	0.68 (0.50–0.92)*	0.70 (0.52–0.95)*
Number of hypertensive agents									0.23
≤ 1	44	8820	4.99	39	9002	4.33	0.87 (0.57–1.35)	0.86 (0.55–1.35)
2	36	6058	5.94	35	6131	5.71	0.95 (0.59–1.51)	0.93 (0.57–1.50)
≥ 3	90	12,802	7.03	62	14,134	4.39	0.61 (0.44–0.85)**	0.64 (0.46–0.89)**
Number of oral antidiabetic agents									0.14
≤ 1	39	4666	8.36	17	4563	3.73	0.44 (0.25–0.79)**	0.41 (0.23–0.75)**
2	84	15,397	5.46	74	15,125	4.89	0.46 (0.89–1.21)	0.91 (0.66–1.25)
3	33	6052	5.45	37	7873	4.70	0.84 (0.52–1.25)	0.89 (0.55–1.42)
≥ 4	14	1566	8.94	8	1706	4.69	0.52 (0.22–1.24)	0.56 (0.22–1.43)

HR adjusted for age, sex, heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, anti-platelet agents, and oral glucose-lowering agents
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

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