Table 2 Echocardiographic characteristics of the study population according to glucose metabolism status

Left atrium

 LA volume index, ml/m²

  Men

30.8 [26.6–34.9]

28.9 [25.0–34.7]

29.7 [25.2–34.5]

  Women

28.6 [24.7–33.3]

28.6 [25.3–33.2]

26.3 [23.2–32.4]

 LA volume, ml

  Men

62.0 [53.3–72.4]

62.3 [50.9–72.9]

61.1 [52.4–72.0]

  Women

50.9 [43.6–59.2]

52.9 [43.6–59.2]

51.3 [42.3–59.6]

Left ventricle, structure

 LV end diastolic volume index, ml/m²

  Men

68.5 ± 12.5

65.9 ± 11.8

63.0 ± 12.3^‡

  Women

59.1 ± 10.6

58.1 ± 11.3

57.6 ± 11.9

 LV end systolic volume index, ml/m²

  Men

27.5 ± 6.1

26.7 ± 6.2

25.9 ± 6.3^†

  Women

23.2 ± 4.6

23.0 ± 5.0

22.8 ± 5.3

 LV mass index, gr/m^2.7

  Men

29.5 [25.3–35.1]

31.5 [27.4–35.0]

32.8 [27.0–37.5]^‡

  Women

27.3 [24.0–31.3]

31.1 [25.5–36.7]^‡

31.2 [27.1–34.7]^‡

Left ventricular function

 Systolic LV function

  LV ejection fraction,  %

60.5 [58.8–62.4]

60.4 [58.8–62.0]

60.2 [57.8–61.7]^‡

  TDI S’ septal (cm/s)^a

7.5 ± 1.4

7.3 ± 1.3

7.4 ± 1.7

  TDI S’ lateral (cm/s)^b

8.8 ± 2.0

8.8 ± 2.1

8.2 ± 2.0^‡

 Diastolic LV function

  Early peak velocity (m/s)

0.68 ± 0.15

0.66 ± 0.14

0.68 ± 0.15

  Active peak velocity (m/s)^c

0.66 ± 0.15

0.72 ± 0.17^‡

0.75 ± 0.16^‡

  E/A ratio^c

1.03 [0.85–1.26]

0.89 [0.75–1.08]^‡

0.89 [0.77–1.07]^‡

  Deceleration time E-peak (msec)

191 ± 35

204 ± 38^‡

202 ± 37^‡

  Isovolumetric relaxation time (msec)^d

94 ± 21

100 ± 24^‡

94 ± 22

  S/D ratio^e

1.38 ± 0.32

1.45 ± 0.36^†

1.46 ± 0.31^‡

  TDI E’ septal (cm/s)^b

8.3

± 2.2

7.1

± 1.7^‡

7.1

± 1.8^‡

  TDI A’ septal (cm/s)^f

9.8 ± 1.8

9.8 ± 1.7

10.0 ± 1.9

  TDI E’ lateral (cm/s)^g

10.7 ± 2.7

9.5 ± 2.5^‡

8.9 ± 2.2^‡

  TDI A’ lateral (cm/s)^h

10.6 ± 2.5

11.1 ± 2.4^†

11.1 ± 2.3^†

  E/E’-ratio averagedⁱ

7.3 [6.2–8.7]

8.0 [6.9–9.7]^‡

8.7 [7.6–10.1]^‡

  Diastolic LV function (normal, indeterminate, abnormal, not specified), n (%)

175/183/42/26 (41.1/43.0/9.9/6.1)

30/79/23/10 (21.1/55.6/16.2/7.0)^‡

44/115/40/25 (19.6/51.3/17.9/11.2)^‡

Right atrium

 RA volume index, ml/m²

  Men

25.2 ± 7.2

22.1 ± 6.8^‡

21.7 ± 6.2^‡

  Women

21.3 ± 6.0

19.7 ± 5.5

18.3 ± 5.3^‡

 RA volume, ml

  Men

48.1 [40.0–58.8]

43.4 [35.3–54.8]^‡

43.7 [36.7–51.9]^‡

  Women

36.0 29.7–45.1

36.0 [28.6–40.7]

33.7 [28.0–40.2]^†

Right ventricle, structure

 RV diameter

  Men

41.3 ± 5.2

39.9 ± 5.3^†

39.8 ± 4.7^‡

  Women

35.6 ± 4.7

35.8 ± 5.6

35.0 ± 4.2

 RV length

  Men

75.8 ± 7.5

75.8 ± 7.0

75.9 ± 7.2

  Women

69.8 ± 6.6

70.3 ± 6.2

70.2 ± 7.3

Right ventricular function

 Systolic RV function

  S’ RV (cm/s)^j

12.8 ± 2.4

12.4 ± 2.2

12.4 ± 2.5

  TAPSE (mm)^k

23.0 ± 2.9

22.0 ± 3.6

22.3 ± 4.4

 Diastolic RV function

  E-peak velocity tricuspid flow (m/s)^l

0.46 ± 0.09

0.44 ± 0.09

0.44 ± 0.08

  A-peak velocity tricuspid flow (m/s)^m

0.35 ± 0.10

0.41 ± 0.07^†

0.41 ± 0.09^‡

  E/A ratio tricuspid valve^m

1.30 [1.12–1.58]

1.10 [0.91–1.22]^‡

1.10 [0.90–1.26]^‡

  TDI E’ RV (cm/s)ⁿ

11.9 ± 2.7

10.4 ± 2.7^‡

10.5 ± 2.7^‡

  TDI A’ RV (cm/s)^o

14.6 ± 3.5

13.9 ± 3.1^†

14.1 ± 3.4

  E/E′-ratio^k

4.3 [3.6–5.0]

4.8 [4.1–5.7]

4.6 [3.4–5.9]

 Global RV function

  Myocardial performance index RV^p

0.47 ± 0.12

0.47 ± 0.12

0.48 ± 0.11

  Maximum tricuspid gradient

15.8 ± 6.2

14.7 ± 7.6

14.9 ± 7.2

Wall motion abnormalities, n yes (%)^q

2 (0.5)

2 (1.4)

5 (2.3)^†

Valvular dysfunction (moderate or severe), n (%)

28 (6.6)

8 (5.6)

13 (5.8)