Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population with two-dimensional echocardiography according to glucose metabolism status (n = 792)

Demographics

 Age, years

57.3 ± 8.0

62.5 ± 7.5^‡

62.6 ± 7.6^‡

 Women, %

233 (54.7)

57 (40.1)^‡

71 (31.7)^‡

Measures of (central) obesity

 Body mass index, kg/m²

25.5 [23.2–27.8]

27.4 [25.6–29.8]^‡

29.3 [26.2–32.2]^‡

 Waist circumference, cm

  Men

96 [91–103]

102 [96–110]^‡

106 [99–113]^‡

  Women

87 [79–94]

94 [85–100]^‡

101 [91–113]^‡

 Waist-to hip ratio^a

0.91 ± 0.08

0.97 ± 0.08^‡

1.01 ± 0.08^‡

Blood pressure

 Office systolic blood pressure, mmHg

131.1 ± 16.5

140.0 ± 17.2^‡

145.0 ± 18.3^‡

 Office diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

75.2 ± 9.7

79.3 ± 10.3^‡

78.0 ± 9.3^‡

 24 h average ambulatory systolic blood pressure, mmHg^b

116.3 ± 10.6

121.6 ± 12.8^‡

122.1 ± 11.5^‡

 24 h average ambulatory diastolic blood pressure, mmHg^b

73.6 ± 7.0

74.8 ± 8.0

73.4 ± 7.1

 Hypertension, %

169 (39.7)

98 (69.0)^‡

187 (83.5)^‡

Glucose metabolism

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.2 ± 0.4

6.0 ± 0.5**

7.9 ± 2.3**

 2 h postload glucose, mmol/L^c

5.3 ± 1.2

8.2 ± 1.8**

14.0 ± 3.4**

 HbA1c, mmol/mol^d

37.1 ± 3.5

40.4 ± 4.2**

51.7 ± 11.2**

 HbA1c, %^d

5.5 ± 0.3

5.8 ± 0.4**

6.9 ± 1.0**

Lipids

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.6 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 1.2

4.5 ± 1.0^‡

 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

  Men

1.3 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3^‡

  Women

1.7 ± 0.5

1.6 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4^‡

 Total to HDL cholesterol ratio

4.0 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.3*

4.0 ± 1.1

 LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

3.6 ± 0.9

3.4 ± 1.0

2.5 ± 0.9^‡

 Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.0 [0.8–1.5]

1.4 [0.9–1.9]^‡

1.7 [1.2–2.3]^‡

Kidney function

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

90.8 ± 13.8

85.0 ± 14.4^‡

85.2 ± 17.2^‡

 Albuminuria, %

15 (3.5)

10 (7.0)*

38 (17.0)^‡

Lifestyle

Smoking (never, former, current), %

153/198/75 (35.9/46.5/17.6)

41/85/16 (28.9/59.9/11.3)*

59/128/37 (26.3/57.1/16.5)^†

 Alcohol consumption (none, low, high), %^e

52/226/145 (12.3/53.4/34.3)

21/70/51 (14.8/49.3/35.9)

66/109/48 (29.6/48.9/21.5)^‡

 Moderate to vigorous physical activity, h/wk^f

5.3 [3.0–8.5]

4.5 [2.0–6.8]^‡

3.8 [1.6–6.5]^‡

Prior cardiovascular disease, %

44 (10.3)

23 (16.2)*

56 (25.0)^‡

Medication

 Antihypertensive medication use, %

97 (22.8)

68 (47.9)^‡

154 (68.8)^‡

  Ras inhibitors, %

64 (15.0)

49 (34.5)^‡

124 (55.4)^‡

  Beta-blockers, %

36 (8.5)

32 (22.5)^‡

81 (36.2)^‡

  Diuretics, %

29 (6.8)

29 (20.4)^‡

60 (26.8)^‡

  Calcium antagonists, %

15 (3.5)

11 (7.7)^†

35 (15.6)^‡

 Diabetes medication use, %

–

–

166 (74.1)**

  Insulin, %

–

–

40 (17.9)**

  Metformin, %

–

–

151 (67.4)**

  Sulfonylureas, %

–

–

41 (18.3)**

  Thiazolidinediones, %

–

–

2 (0.9)**

  GLP-1 analogs, %

–

–

2 (0.9)**

  DPP-4 inhibitors, %

–

–

5 (2.2)**

 Lipid modifying medication use, %

68 (16.0)

54 (38.0)^‡

166 (74.1)^‡