Table 1 Cardiometabolic risk factors among children with severe compared to mild obesity in cross-sectional studies

Cho et al. [46]

(n = 1 328)

10–18

Mean values

Mild: 163.9 (160.9–166.8)

Class 2: 171.6 (167.5–175.6)

Mild: 93.6 (90.9–96.4)

Class 2: 100.7 (97.1–104.3)

Mild: 48.6 (47.6–49.6)

Class 2: 46.0 (44.6–47.4)

Mild: 94.3 (88.5–100.4)

Class 2: 109.0 (102.3–116.0)

NS

NS

NS

NS

Zhang et al. [26]

(n = 44 630)

7–18

Prevalence of abnormal values

Boys: mild: 39.93% Class 3: 50.54%

Girls: Mild: 39.53% Class 3: 53.66%

Skinner et al. [28]

(n = 8 579)

3–19

Mean values*

Mild: 167.2 (165.3–169.1)

Class 2: 166.0 (163.0–169.0)

Class 3: 169.6 (163.4–175.9)

NS

Mild: 46.7 (46.1–47.3)

Class 2: 43.5 (42.6–44.5)

Class 3: 41.3 (40.2–42.4)

Mild: 113.2 (103.5–123.0)

Class 2: 113.3 (103.3–123.3)

Class 3: 143.2 (113.6–172.8)

Mild: 111.0 (110.4–111.7)

Class 2: 112.6 (111.6–113.7)

Class 3: 116.2 (114.6–117.8)

Mild: 58.8 (57.8–59.9)

Class 2: 58.7 (57.4–60.1)

Class 3: 64.5 (62.7–66.4)

Mild:95.1 (93.8–96.3)

Class 2: 96.7 (94.6–98.7)

Class 3: 96.5 (94.0–98.9)

Mild: 5.20 (5.17–5.24)

Class 2: 5.30 (5.25–5.35)

Class 3:

5.37 (5.29–5.44)

Prevalence of abnormal values*

Mild: 14.27 (12.46–16.07)

Class 2: 16.19 (12.35–20.03)

Class 3: 18.59 (12.86–24.32)

NS

Mild: 11.40 (9.84–12.97)

Class 2: 18.18 (14.35–22.00)

Class 3: 19.53 (13.94–25.12)

Mild: 20.35 (16.48–24.22)

Class 2: 18.81 (12.76–24.86)

Class 3: 28.82 (18.22–39.42)

Mild: 5.02 (3.87–6.17)

Class 2: 8.52 (5.76–11.27)

Class 3: 11.10 (6.10–16.09)

Mild: 1.20 (0.47–1.94)

Class 2: 0.60 (0.16–1.37)

Class 3: 4.66 (1.92–7.39)

Mild: 19.42 (14.32–24.52)

Class 2: 31.77 (23.90–39.65)

Class 3: 24.27 (14.54–34.00)

Mild: 3.40 (2.26–4.53)

Class 2: 6.38 (4.02–8.73)

Class 3: 13.19 (8.07–18.30)

RR

NS

NS

Class 2: 1.65 (1.31–2.01)

Class 3: 1.89 (1.35–2.66)

Class 2: NS

Class 3: 1.63 (1.08–2.47)

Class 2: NS

Class 3: 2.24 (1.42–3.54)

Class 2: NS

Class 3: 4.57 (1.88–11.06)

Class 2: 1.67 (1.26–2.22)

Class 3:

1.24 (0.78–1.96)

Class 2: NS

Class 3: 2.59 (1.55–4.34)

Propst et al. [38]

(n = 1 111)

12.7 ± 3.4

Mean Values

NS

NS

Mild: 44.9 ± 14.0

Severe: 43.1 ± 11.9

NS

NS

Prevalence of abnormal values

NS

NS

Shah et al. [47]

(n = 447)

10–24

Mean Values

NS

NS

NS

NS

Mild: 117 ± 11

severe: 121 ± 12

NS

NS

NS

Marcus et al. [48]

(n = 1 305)

~11 (6th grade)

Mean Values

NS

NS

Mild: 47.1 ± 9.9

severe:

43.8 ± 9.3

Mild: 108.8 ± 59.3

severe:

125.9 ± 70.9

Mild: 110.2 ± 9.7

severe:

112.0 ± 11.1

Mild: 66.0 ± 7.8

severe:

70.4 ± 8.6

NS

Prevalence of abnormal values

NS

NS

Mild: 27.2%

Severe:

38.9%

Mild: 26.6%

Severe:

34.3%

Mild: 23.8%

Severe:

37.4%

NS

Rank et al. [49]

(n = 43)

6–19

Mean Values

NS

Boys: Mild:

98.8 ± 32.7

Severe: 110.0 ± 36.5

Girls:

NS

Boys:

Mild: 55.1 ± 12.9

Severe: 44.2 ± 10.4

Girls:

Mild: 53.1 ± 13.3

Severe:

47.0 ± 10.5

Boys:

Mild: 53.7 ± 27.4

Severe:

71.9 ± 31.3

Girls:

Mild: 59.8 ± 20.9

Severe:

77.0 ± 29.7

Boys:

Mild: 124 ± 11

severe: 135 ± 14

Girls:

Mild: 122 ± 8

Severe:

128 ± 10

Boys:

Mild: 78 ± 7

Severe: 84 ± 9

Girls:

Mild: 77 ± 6

Severe: 82 ± 7

NS

Prevalence of abnormal values

Mild: 16%

Severe: 32%

NS

Mild: 26%

Severe: 58%

NS

Calcaterra et al. [45]

(n = 191)

11.15 ± 3.4

OR**

Metabolic syndrome**: 3.3 (1.6–7.0)

Boyd et al. [27]

(n = 497)

2–18

Prevalence of abnormal values

Boys:

Mild: 32.1

Severe: 15.4

Girls:

NS

Boys:

Mild: 25.9

Severe: 12.2

Girls:

NS

Boys:

Mild: 29.3

Severe: 40.3

Girls:

NS

Boys:

NS

Girls:

Mild: 24.1

Severe: 11.1