| Before matching | After matching | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLP-1RA (N = 3555) | DPP4i (N = 23,033) | SMD* | p value** | GLP-1RA (N = 2807) | DPP4i (N = 2807) | SMD* | p value** | |
Demographics | ||||||||
 Age at index date (years) | 61.1 (9.7) | 70.0 (10.6) | 0.85 | 0 | 63.4 (8.6) | 63.4 (10.2) | 0.00 | 0.437 |
 Female sex (%) | 38.9 | 41.3 | 0.05 | 0.006 | 39.5 | 39.9 | 0.01 | 0.785 |
 Claims-based history lengtha (months) | 50.3 (21.0) | 44.0 (21.1) | 0.30 | 0 | 47.8 (21.3) | 48.3 (20.9) | 0.02 | 0.242 |
 Claims-based diabetes durationb (months) | 94.1 (61.5) | 114.9 (67.3) | 0.31 | 0.000 | 100.0 (62.8) | 100.5 (61.8) | 0.01 | 0.295 |
Risk factors | ||||||||
 Hypertension (%) | 82.1 | 84.1 | 0.05 | 0.003 | 82.9 | 82.4 | 0.01 | 0.672 |
 Dyslipidaemia (%) | 67.9 | 71.7 | 0.08 | 0 | 68.8 | 69.0 | 0.00 | 0.908 |
Macrovascular complications | ||||||||
 Peripheral circulatory complications (%) | 1.0 | 2.6 | 0.10 | 0 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.03 | 0.286 |
 Infarction (%) | 4.7 | 8.4 | 0.14 | 0 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 0.01 | 0.718 |
 Ischemic heart disease (%) | 9.1 | 14.6 | 0.16 | 0.000 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 0.02 | 0.532 |
 Stroke or TIA (%) | 3.1 | 5.6 | 0.11 | 0.000 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 0.04 | 0.169 |
 Heart failure (%) | 2.0 | 5.7 | 0.16 | 0 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 0.02 | 0.435 |
 Cardiovascular disease (%) | 13.1 | 22.2 | 0.22 | 0.000 | 13.7 | 15.1 | 0.04 | 0.149 |
Microvascular complications | ||||||||
 Neurological complications (%) | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 0.049 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.789 |
 Ocular complications (%) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.160 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 1.000 |
 Renal complications (%) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.789 |
 Chronic kidney disease (%) | 1.1 | 5.3 | 0.20 | 0.000 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.03 | 0.285 |
Severe hypoglycaemia (%) | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.07 | 0.000 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.02 | 0.570 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||
 Chronic pulmonary disease (%) | 29.6 | 28.5 | 0.03 | 0.164 | 29.6 | 30.3 | 0.01 | 0.620 |
 Systemic inflammatory disease (%) | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.02 | 0.414 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
 Cancer (%) | 8.9 | 14.0 | 0.15 | 0 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 0.02 | 0.563 |
 Charlson comorbidity index | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.20 | 0 | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.03 | 0.493 |
Glucose lowering medications | ||||||||
 No. of different A10B therapiesc | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.03 | 0.201 | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.9) | 0.02 | 0.306 |
 Ever used insulin(%) | 19.8 | 15.3 | 0.12 | 0 | 17.4 | 17.6 | 0.00 | 0.888 |
 Long-acting insulin (%) | 15.2 | 12.2 | 0.09 | 0 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 0.00 | 0.938 |
 Metformin (%) | 91.3 | 85.2 | 0.18 | 0 | 90.7 | 91.0 | 0.01 | 0.746 |
 Sulfonylureas (%) | 45.8 | 58.8 | 0.26 | 0 | 49.6 | 48.2 | 0.03 | 0.310 |
 SGLT-2i (%) | 6.2 | 0.8 | 0.44 | 0 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 0.015 |
 Pioglitazone (%) | 15.0 | 9.7 | 0.17 | 0 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 0.01 | 0.818 |
Other therapies | ||||||||
 ACE inhibitors (%) | 71.8 | 71.6 | 0.00 | 0.838 | 72.0 | 72.2 | 0.00 | 0.905 |
 Diuretics (%) | 19.4 | 27.4 | 0.18 | 0.000 | 20.6 | 20.3 | 0.01 | 0.843 |
 Beta blockers (%) | 33.9 | 38.4 | 0.09 | 0.000 | 35.2 | 34.9 | 0.01 | 0.823 |
 Other antihypertensives (%) | 8.3 | 9.4 | 0.04 | 0.036 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 0.01 | 0.670 |
 Statins (%) | 59.1 | 64.0 | 0.10 | 0.000 | 60.5 | 61.0 | 0.01 | 0.702 |
 Fibrates or omega-3 (%) | 12.0 | 10.2 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 0.00 | 0.966 |
 Ezetimibe (%) | 2.6 | 2.0 | 0.04 | 0.017 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.02 | 0.606 |
 Platelet aggregation inhibitors (%) | 31.3 | 44.8 | 0.27 | 0.000 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 0.00 | 0.978 |
Clinical-laboratory datad | ||||||||
 Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |  |  |  |  | 163.1 (44.8) | 162.0 (50.4) | 0.02 | 0.267 |
 HbA1c (%) |  |  |  |  | 7.8 (0.9) | 7.7 (0.8) | 0.11 | 0.095 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |  |  |  |  | 173.4 (36.6) | 174.0 (36.4) | 0.02 | 0.458 |
 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |  |  |  |  | 49.5 (13.4) | 49.9 (13.1) | 0.02 | 0.246 |
 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |  |  |  |  | 97.5 (31.7) | 97.6 (32.5) | < 0.01 | 0.486 |
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) |  |  |  |  | 134.0 (53.6) | 129.7 (56.7) | 0.08 | 0.052 |
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |  |  |  |  | 83.9 (16.6) | 82.1 (18.5) | 0.10 | 0.115 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |  |  |  |  | 142.2 (17.8) | 141.8 (49.3) | 0.01 | 0. 035 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |  |  |  |  | 81.4 (10.0) | 79.8 (10.4) | 0.15 | 0.017 |