Fig. 3

Urinary exosomal markers podocalxyin, Wilm’s tumor and Nephrin identified by Western blot. Urinary exosomal proteins noted in urine where increase in protein amount indicates worsening podocyte health were improved (or reduced) in linagliptin group in all three markers, from visit 1 to 3 whereas the trend was a flat line or increased in the placebo. Mean band intensities were represented for both placebo and Linagliptin groups from visit 1, 2, and 3. Exosomal protein CD9 was used for normalization. Line graphs for individual proteins noted in urinary exosomes are shown