Table 1 Baseline characteristics
|  | Total study population (n = 304) | Group 1 No HF, no SGLT2i (n = 76) | Group 2 No HF, SGLT2i (+) (n = 78) | p-value (groups 1 vs. 2) | Group 3 HF (+), no SGLT2i (n = 76) | Group 4 HF (+), SGLT2i (+) (n = 74) | p-value (groups 3 vs. 4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 66 (56–74) | 66 (58–72) | 65 (56–72) | 0.470 | 67 (56–75) | 67 (54–75) | 0.950 |
Male sex (n, %) | 198 (65.1%) | 44 (57.9%) | 52 (66.7%) | 0.261 | 50 (65.8%) | 52 (70.3%) | 0.676 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (118–148) | 136 (119–148) | 134 (121–154) | 0.832 | 126 (113–148) | 130 (116–143) | 0.924 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (68–85) | 75 (70–81) | 78 (65–88) | 0.876 | 78 (68–85) | 76 (68–84) | 0.800 |
Heart rate (per minute) | 79 (68–91) | 76 (66–87) | 75 (68–83) | 0.638 | 83 (68–99) | 83 (71–97) | 0.635 |
NYHA functional class III/IV | 53 (17.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N/A | 26 (34.2%) | 27 (36.5%) | 0.771 |
Hypertension | 149 (49.9%) | 37 (48.7%) | 31 (39.7%) | 0.264 | 43 (56.6%) | 38 (51.4%) | 0.631 |
Dyslipidemia | 101 (33.2%) | 25 (32.9%) | 23 (29.5%) | 0.648 | 27 (35.5%) | 26 (35.1%) | 0.960 |
Coronary artery disease | 110 (36.2%) | 26 (34.2%) | 31 (39.7%) | 0.477 | 27 (35.5%) | 26 (35.1%) | 0.828 |
Chronic kidney disease | 36 (11.8%) | 10 (13.2%) | 8 (10.3%) | 0.575 | 9 (11.8%) | 9 (12.2%) | 0.952 |
Atrial fibrillation | 96 (31.6%) | 13 (17.1%) | 14 (17.9%) | 0.891 | 36 (47.4%) | 33 (44.6%) | 0.858 |
Medications | |||||||
 Use of SGLT2i | |||||||
  Dapagliflozin | 69 (22.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 39 (50.0%) | N/A | 0 (0.0%) | 29 (39.2%) | N/A |
  Empagliflozin | 83 (27.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 39 (50.0%) | N/A | 0 (0.0%) | 45 (60.8%) | N/A |
Duration of SGLT2i use (months) | – | – | 10 (5–15) | N/A | – | 10 (7–15) | N/A |
 Statin | 254 (83.6%) | 69 (90.8%) | 68 (87.2%) | 0.475 | 58 (76.3%) | 59 (79.7%) | 0.614 |
 Metformin | 249 (81.9%) | 59 (77.6%) | 63 (80.8%) | 0.631 | 61 (80.3%) | 66 (89.2%) | 0.174 |
 Sulfonylurea | 184 (60.5%) | 38 (50.0%) | 50 (64.1%) | 0.077 | 45 (59.2%) | 51 (68.9%) | 0.216 |
 DPP-4 inhibitors | 210 (69.1%) | 47 (61.8%) | 56 (71.8%) | 0.189 | 55 (72.4%) | 52 (70.3%) | 0.776 |
 ACE inhibitors | 107 (35.2%) | 20 (26.3%) | 26 (33.3%) | 0.341 | 29 (38.2%) | 32 (43.2%) | 0.526 |
 ARB | 161 (53.0%) | 41 (53.9%) | 38 (48.7%) | 0.516 | 42 (55.3%) | 40 (54.1%) | 0.882 |
 Beta-blockers | 255 (83.9%) | 58 (76.3%) | 61 (78.2%) | 0.780 | 67 (88.2%) | 69 (93.2%) | 0.284 |
 MRA | 103 (33.9%) | 9 (11.8%) | 9 (11.5%) | 0.953 | 40 (52.6%) | 45 (60.8%) | 0.312 |
 Diuretics | 179 (58.9%) | 23 (30.3%) | 31 (39.7%) | 0.218 | 59 (77.6%) | 66 (89.2%) | 0.079 |
Baseline laboratory tests | |||||||
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.8 (12.7–15.1) | 13.7 (12.8–15.0) | 14.1 (13.1–15.0) | 0.368 | 13.7 (12.3–15.3) | 13.6 (12.1–15.3) | 0.624 |
 Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.839 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.806 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 144.5 (122.5–172.0) | 151.5 (127.0–174.0) | 142.5 (119.0–172.0) | 0.171 | 136.0 (119.0–169.0) | 142.5 (120.0–170.0) | 0.930 |
 Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 136.0 (117.0–159.0) | 138.0 (119.0–161.5) | 138.0 (116.0–175.0) | 0.427 | 129.5 (113.5–149.5) | 132.0 (117.0–155.0) | 0.363 |
 HbA1c (%) | 7.1 (6.5–8.0) | 7.3 (6.6–7.8) | 7.5 (6.6–8.6) | 0.095 | 6.8 (6.4–7.8) | 6.9 (6.4–7.7) | 0.905 |
 NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 447.7 (106.9–2432.6) (n = 207) | 100.0 (54.8–199.2) (n = 30) | 77.3 (32.7–197.8) (n = 36) | 0.858 | 925.6 (311.9–3386.1) (n = 70) | 1819.6 (547.3–5695.4) (n = 71) | 0.637 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||||||
 LV-EDV (mL) | 92.0 (69.0–128.5) | 76.0 (64.5–96.5) | 79.5 (65.0–97.0) | 0.430 | 111.9 (82.5–148.5) | 128.5 (94.0–169.0) | 0.098 |
 LV-ESV (mL) | 41.0 (28.9–80.7) | 29.6 (23.5–42.8) | 32.0 (25.0–42.0) | 0.486 | 69.5 (33.0–112.0) | 82.5 (41.0–125.0) | 0.115 |
 LV-EDD (mm) | 50.9 (46.5–80.0) | 48.0 (44.5–50.0) | 49.0 (45.0–52.0) | 0.174 | 56.1 (49.5–62.0) | 57.4 (50.0–64.9) | 0.203 |
 LV-ESD (mm) | 35.7 (30.0–47.0) | 31.0 (28.4–35.5) | 32.0 (28.0–36.0) | 0.658 | 44.0 (32.5–51.0) | 45.4 (37.0–54.0) | 0.181 |
 LV-EF (%) | 52.0 (35.6–61.1) | 60.4 (52.4–63.8) | 59.4 (49.3–63.6) | 0.628 | 38.8 (28.0–55.9) | 36.1 (25.6–47.5) | 0.094 |
 LV-MI (g/m2) | 112.8 (91.0–134.7) | 99.6 (84.1–123.3) | 96.6 (82.7–114.7) | 0.613 | 120.9 (101.3–146.5) | 126.3 (111.1–147.3) | 0.666 |
 LAVI (mL/m2) | 40.3 (31.0–56.5) | 31.8 (28.3–39.9) | 34.7 (29.5–44.8) | 0.081 | 48.2 (36.2–68.1) | 53.5 (41.6–72.3) | 0.860 |
 PASP (mmHg) | 28.0 (24.4–38.6) | 26.2 (23.0–29.3) | 26.2 (22.6–30.0) | 0.808 | 32.0 (26.2–41.0) | 36.4 (28.0–54.0) | 0.038 |
 E velocity (m/s) | 0.70 (0.58–0.87) | 0.66 (0.59–0.78) | 0.63 (0.57–0.78) | 0.760 | 0.73 (0.58–0.87) | 0.79 (0.63–1.03) | 0.030 |
 Mitral annular e′ velocity (cm/s) | 5.7 (4.2–7.2) | 6.10 (4.80–7.40) | 6.00 (5.00–7.10) | 0.403 | 5.7 (4.2–7.2) | 5.10 (3.70–6.50) | 0.167 |
 Mitral annular s’ velocity (cm/s) | 6.0 (4.7–7.5) | 6.7 (5.4–8.4) | 6.6 (5.5–7.8) | 0.696 | 5.3 (4.2–6.7) | 5.0 (3.8–6.1) | 0.377 |
 Mitral E/e′ ratio | 12.6 (9.3–17.1) | 10.8 (8.9–14.1) | 10.6 (9.0–13.5) | 0.742 | 13.2 (9.8–17.8) | 15.6 (11.9–24.3) | 0.026 |
 LV-GLS (%) | 12.5 (9.5–15.5) | 15.2 (12.5–16.9) | 14.6 (12.1–17.0) | 0.962 | 10.9 (8.4–12.3) | 10.3 (7.3–12.5) | 0.532 |
Follow-up interval (months) | 13 (8–20) | 13 (8–21) | 12 (9–19) | 0.091 | 11 (7–16) | 14 (8–21) | 0.183 |