|
Age
|
68.5 ± 14.5
|
67.6 ± 15.9
|
69.6 ± 12.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
|
23.0 ± 3.9
|
23.0 ± 3.9
|
23.7 ± 3.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
Male, N (%)
|
2872 (53.2)
|
1596 (51.9)
|
1277 (55.0)
|
0.023
|
|
Current smoker, N (%)
|
961 (17.8)
|
546 (17.8)
|
415 (17.9)
|
0.086
|
|
Risk factors, N (%)
|
|
Hypertension
|
3183 (59.0)
|
1554 (50.6)
|
1629 (70.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Ischemic heart disease
|
1501 (27.8)
|
636 (20.7)
|
865 (37.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Atrial fibrillation
|
1523 (28.2)
|
921 (30.0)
|
602 (25.9)
|
0.001
|
|
Chronic lung disease
|
608 (11.3)
|
350 (11.4)
|
258 (11.1)
|
0.492
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
756 (14.0)
|
277 (9.0)
|
479 (20.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Cerebrovascular disease
|
807 (15.0)
|
405 (13.2)
|
402 (17.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Previous heart failure
|
2539 (47.1)
|
1380 (44.9)
|
1159 (49.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Physical and laboratory findings
|
|
SBP, mmHg
|
131.4 ± 30.1
|
130.4 ± 29.4
|
132.8 ± 30.9
|
0.003
|
|
DBP, mmHg
|
78.7 ± 18.7
|
79.2 ± 18.8
|
78.1 ± 18.6
|
0.028
|
|
Heart rate, beats/min
|
92.8 ± 25.9
|
92.5 ± 26.4
|
93.1 ± 25.2
|
0.379
|
|
Glucose, mg/dL
|
155.3 ± 76.7
|
129.6 ± 47.8
|
189.1 ± 94.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
|
151.8 ± 43.2
|
153.9 ± 42.2
|
149.2 ± 44.4
|
< 0.001
|
|
BNP ≥ 500 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥ 1000 pg/mL
|
4047 (75.0)
|
2267 (73.8)
|
1780 (76.7)
|
0.014
|
|
CRP, mg/dL
|
2.4 ± 4.3
|
2.1 ± 3.5
|
2.9 ± 5.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
hsCRP, mg/dL
|
2.3 ± 4.2
|
2.0 ± 3.8
|
2.6 ± 4.6
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sodium, mmol/L
|
137.5 ± 4.8
|
138.0 ± 4.6
|
136.8 ± 5.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
Potassium, mmol/L
|
4.4 ± 0.7
|
4.3 ± 0.6
|
4.5 ± 0.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
BUN, mg/dL
|
26.1 ± 16.3
|
23.7 ± 14.3
|
29.2 ± 18.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
Creatinine, mg/dL
|
1.5 ± 1.5
|
1.3 ± 1.3
|
1.7 ± 1.6
|
< 0.001
|
|
NYHA class III-IV, N (%)
|
4582 (84.9)
|
2558 (83.2)
|
2024 (87.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Acute pulmonary edema on chest X-ray, N (%)
|
1039 (19.3)
|
502 (16.3)
|
537 (23.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Echocardiographic findings
|
|
LVEDD, mm
|
57.4 ± 10.1
|
57.5 ± 10.6
|
57.4 ± 9.3
|
0.863
|
|
LVESD, mm
|
45.2 ± 12.3
|
45.1 ± 12.8
|
45.4 ± 11.7
|
0.302
|
|
LVEF (%)
|
37.8 ± 15.6
|
38.5 ± 15.9
|
36.7 ± 15.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
LA volume index, mL/m2
|
63.8 ± 42.1
|
66.7 ± 41.9
|
59.6 ± 42.0
|
< 0.001
|
|
E′, cm/s
|
5.0 ± 2.3
|
5.2 ± 2.1
|
4.8 ± 2.5
|
< 0.001
|
|
S′, cm/s
|
5.1 ± 2.0
|
5.1 ± 2.1
|
5.0 ± 1.9
|
0.026
|
|
E/E′
|
21.2 ± 11.5
|
20.1 ± 10.8
|
22.7 ± 12.2
|
< 0.001
|
|
RVSP
|
43.9 ± 15.1
|
43.2 ± 14.9
|
44.9 ± 15.4
|
< 0.001
|
|
Management, N (%)
|
|
Parenteral diuretics
|
4062 (75.3)
|
2222 (72.3)
|
1840 (79.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Parenteral inotropics
|
1672 (31.0)
|
760 (24.7)
|
912 (39.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Parenteral vasodilators
|
2231 (41.4)
|
1105 (36.0)
|
1126 (48.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ACEIs/ARBs at admission
|
3383 (62.7)
|
1977 (64.3)
|
1406 (60.6)
|
0.001
|
|
ACEIs/ARBs at discharge
|
3601 (66.8)
|
2117 (68.9)
|
1484 (63.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Beta-blockers at admission
|
2054 (38.1)
|
1183 (38.5)
|
871 (37.5)
|
0.001
|
|
Beta-blockers at discharge
|
2725 (50.5)
|
1533 (49.9)
|
1192 (51.4)
|
0.285
|
|
AAs at admission
|
2206 (40.9)
|
1379 (44.9)
|
827 (35.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
AAs at discharge
|
2443 (45.3)
|
1472 (47.9)
|
971 (41.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Warfarin at discharge
|
1531 (28.4)
|
965 (31.4)
|
566 (24.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Heart transplantation
|
69 (1.3)
|
13 (0.4)
|
56 (2.4)
|
< 0.001
|
