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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

From: The association between serum growth differentiation factor 15 levels and lower extremity atherosclerotic disease is independent of body mass index in type 2 diabetes

Variable

BMI < 25 kg/m2

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

With LEAD

(n = 89)

Without LEAD

(n = 95)

With LEAD

(n = 72)

Without LEAD

(n = 120)

n (men/women)

58/31

59/36

55/17

87/33

Age (years)

59 (53–65)**

42 (35–51)

58 (50–63)**

40 (33–46)

BMI (kg/m2)

23.51 (22.50–24.22)**

22.60 (21.23–23.88)

26.88 (25.74–28.25)

27.34 (26.21–28.27)

SBP (mmHg)

120 (115–131)

120 (112–130)

128 (120–140)

126 (120–138)

DBP (mmHg)

77 (70–82)

80 (70–85)

80 (76–90)

80 (76–90)

TC (mmol/L)

4.87 ± 1.28

4.73 ± 1.04

4.80 ± 1.18

4.95 ± 1.11

TG (mmol/L)

1.28 (0.97–1.98)

1.21 (0.78–1.97)

1.90 (1.23–2.64)

2.00 (1.38–2.74)

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.12 (0.87–1.33)

1.08 (0.94–1.30)

0.93 (0.84–1.10)

0.96 (0.81–1.11)

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.99 ± 1.14

2.92 ± 0.81

3.00 ± 0.95

3.03 ± 0.94

CRP (mg/L)

0.84 (0.45–1.74)

0.65 (0.30–1.42)

1.07 (0.50–1.88)

1.25 (0.69–2.21)

FPG (mmol/L)

7.69 (6.62–10.22)

7.50 (6.19–8.95)

9.11 (6.94–10.64)

7.95 (6.89–10.03)

2hPG (mmol/L)

12.74 (10.38–15.14)

12.38 (9.21–15.23)

13.67 (9.72–16.81)

13.31 (10.85–15.91)

HbA1c (%)

10.0 (8.1–11.2)

9.3 (7.2–10.8)

9.8 (8.2–10.8)

9.5 (7.7–11.3)

FCP (ng/mL)

1.35 (1.03–1.94)

1.50 (0.82–2.04)

1.78 (1.31–2.26)

1.84 (1.29–2.64)

2hCP (ng/mL)

2.64 (1.74–3.78)

2.90 (1.70–4.57)

3.33 (2.39–4.48)

3.83 (2.32–6.50)

HOMA2-IR

1.18 (0.83–1.66)

1.29 (0.70–1.75)

1.53 (1.17–2.10)

1.60 (1.15–2.24)

Hg (g/L)

142 (132–150)*

145 (137–154)

148 (135–154)

148 (139–155)

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

94.80 (83.00–110.70)**

104.50 (92.70–121.56)

93.79 (79.95–108.58)**

107.66 (89.18–124.33)

Diabetes duration (years)

10.00 (6.00–14.00)**

6.00 (2.00–10.00)

10.50 (5.00–14.00)**

4.00 (0.33–9.00)

F-IMT (mm)

0.85 ± 0.00**

0.60 ± 0.03

0.85 ± 0.01**

0.60 ± 0.03

Current smoking, n (%)

35 (39.33)

25 (26.32)

24 (33.33)

41 (34.17)

Current alcohol consumption, n (%)

14 (15.73)

20 (21.05)

14 (19.44)

30 (25.00)

Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%)

39 (43.82)**

18 (18.95)

31 (43.06)

39 (32.50)

Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

71 (79.78)**

46 (48.42)

59 (81.94)**

73 (60.83)

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range: 25 to 75%), or n (%)
  2. BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 2hPG 2-h plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin A1c, FCP fasting C-peptide, 2hCP 2-h C-peptide, HOMA2-IR homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance, Hg haemoglobin, GFR glomerular filtration rate, F-IMT femoral intima-media thickness
  3. * P < 0.05 versus without LEAD
  4. ** P < 0.01 versus without LEAD