Table 1 Patient and normal volunteer cohort characteristics (n = 70)

Age (years)

66.3±4.4

60.4±4.1

0.005*

Male

77.8%

42.8%

0.07

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.8±3.9

21.1±2.6

0.003*

DM duration (years)

15.8±8.8

–

–

HbA1c (%)

7.2±1.0

–

–

Cardiovascular risk factors

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

138.1±9.0

133.3±5.3

0.14

 Smoking

11.1%

0%

0.46

 High density lipoprotein (mmol/L)

1.30±0.46

1.53±0.43

0.10

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.10±0.71

5.26±0.40

< 0.001*

Diabetic complications

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

76.6±18.6

87.9±10.6

0.04

 Microalbumin/creatnine ratio (mg/mmol)

7.89±9.11

–

–

 Retinopathy

14%

–

–

 Peripheral vascular disease

1.4%

–

–

Anti-hypertensives

 Beta-blockers

17.5%

0%

0.59

 ACE inhibitor

46.0%

0%

0.04

 Calcium channel blockers

65.1%

0%

< 0.01*

 Alpha-blockers

7.9%

0%

1.00

 Diuretics

7.9%

0%

1.00

 Angiotensin receptor blocker

19.0%

0%

0.34

Lipid-modifying agents

 Statin

61.9%

0%

< 0.01*

 Fibrates

1.6%

0%

1.00

Anti-hyperglycaemic agents

 Acarbose

1.6%

0%

1.00

 Sulfonylureas

36.5%

0%

0.09

 SGLT2 inhibitor

17.5%

0%

0.59

 Metformin

90.5%

0%

< 0.01*

 DDP-4 inhibitor

41.3%

0%

0.04

 Insulin

30.2%

0%

0.18

 Pioglitazone

22.2%

0%

0.33

Anti-platelet agents

 Clopidogrel

6.3%

0%

1.00

 Aspirin

23.8%

0%

0.33