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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants by stroke status to end-2016

From: Retinopathy predicts stroke but not myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Variables at baseline

No stroke during follow up

Stroke during follow up

p-value

Number (%)

1420 (96)

53 (4)

 

Age (years)

65.1 ± 11.4

73.0 ± 10.8

< 0.001

Sex (% male)

51.8

52.8

0.89

Ethnic background (%)

  

0.22

 Anglo-Celt

53.7

52.8

 

 Southern European

12.5

17.0

 

 Other European

7.5

3.8

 

 Asian

4.4

5.7

 

 Indigenous Australian

6.3

0

 

 Mixed/other

15.6

20.8

 

Currently married/de facto (%)

63.6

54.7

0.19

Duration of diabetes (years)

8.3 [2.7–15.6]

12.3 [5.0–17.6]

0.023

Diabetes treatment (%)

  

0.84

 Diet

24.1

20.8

 

 Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables

53.7

52.8

 

 Insulin only

5.5

5.7

 

 Insulin + oral agents ± non-insulin injectables

16.7

20.8

 

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

7.2 [6.2–9.0]

7.2 [6.2–9.3]

0.65

HbA1c (%)

6.8 [6.2–7.7]

7.3 [6.4–8.1]

0.045

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

51 [44–61]

56 [46–65]

0.045

Severe hypoglycemia before baseline (%)

3.0

3.8

0.67

BMI (kg/m2)

31.3 ± 6.2

30.2 ± 28.7

0.20

Heart rate (bpm)

70 ± 12

75 ± 16

0.014

Supine SBP (mm Hg)

146 ± 22

155 ± 20

0.004

Supine DBP (mm Hg)

80 ± 12

83 ± 11

0.18

Atrial Fibrillation on ECG (%)

3.5

17.7

< 0.001

Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (%)

2.0

0.0

0.62

On antihypertensive medication (%)

72.9

90.6

0.004

 On ACE-I

37.7

43.4

0.47

 On ARB

32.2

37.7

0.46

 On beta-blocker

21.5

30.2

0.13

 On calcium channel blocker

23.7

39.6

0.013

On lipid-modifying medication (%)

67.7

77.4

0.18

On aspirin (%)

36.6

47.2

0.15

On other anticoagulant (%)

11.7

20.8

0.05

On digoxin (%)

2.5

7.6

0.048

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.4 ± 1.1

4.3 ± 1.1

0.79

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

0.71

Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

1.6 (1.0–2.6)

0.35

Urinary albumin:creatinine (mg/mmol)

3.1 (0.8–11.4)

6.7 (1.4–31.5)

< 0.001

eGFR (CKD-EPI) categories (%)

0.001

 ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2

39.8

20.8

 

 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2

44.8

43.4

 

 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2

8.5

17.0

 

 < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2

6.9

18.9

 

Plasma NT-proBNP (pmol/L)

74 (18–311)

163 (46–582)

< 0.001

Anemia (%)

10.6

20.8

0.039

Ischemic heart disease (%)

28.0

37.7

0.12

Angina before baseline (%)

20.4

26.4

0.30

Myocardial infarction before baseline (%)

8.2

17.0

0.003

Peripheral arterial disease (%)

21.6

35.9

0.018

Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%)

57.5

67.9

0.16

Alcohol (standard drinks/day)

0.1 [0–1.2]

0.1 [0–1.2]

0.95

Smoking status (% never/ex/current)

45.6/43.9/10.5

46.2/46.2/7.7

0.90

Had an eye test in the last year (%)

80.6

93.9

0.015

Any retinopathy (%)

36.8

45.3

0.25

Retinopathy severity (%)

0.06

 None

63.3

54.7

 

 Mild non-proliferative only

29.4

28.3

 

 Moderate non-proliferative only

4.3

9.4

 

 Severe non-proliferative or worse

3.0

7.6

 

 Moderate non-proliferative or worse (%)

7.3

17.0

0.016

  1. Data are percentages, mean ± SD, geometric mean (SD range) or median [inter-quartile range]