Table 1 Baseline characteristics of AF patients in different HbA1c categories
From: Glycemic status and risks of thromboembolism and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation
| Â | Glycemic status represented by HbA1c | Â | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c < 5.4 (n = 2994) | HbA1c 5.4–5.6 (n = 5065) | HbA1c 5.7–5.9 (n = 6516) | HbA1c 6.0–6.4 (n = 7336) | HbA1c 6.5–6.9 (n = 3908) | HbA1c 7.0–7.9 (n = 3903) | HbA1c ≥ 8.0 (n = 4314) | P value (ANOVA) | |
Age, yrs | 69.1 (14.3) | 69.1 (13.5) | 69.7 (12.8) | 70.6 (11.8) | 71.2 (11.1) | 70.6 (11.0) | 68.9 (11.2) | < 0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 61.0 (13.8) | 63.5 (13.4) | 64.5 (13.7) | 66.1 (14.0) | 66.9 (14.4) | 67.2 (14.2) | 67.1 (13.8) | < 0.0001 |
Stroke comorbidity | ||||||||
 CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.9 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.8) | 2.9 (1.8) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.6 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Congestive heart failure | 733 (24.5) | 1064 (21.0) | 1350 (20.7) | 1626 (22.2) | 989 (25.3) | 967 (24.8) | 1103 (25.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Hypertension | 1532 (51.2) | 2591 (51.2) | 3475 (53.3) | 4229 (57.7) | 2427 (62.1) | 2424 (62.1) | 2486 (57.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Age ≥ 75 yrs | 1198 (40.0) | 1898 (37.5) | 2485 (38.1) | 2899 (39.5) | 1535 (39.3) | 1460 (37.4) | 1418 (32.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Diabetes Mellitus | 396 (13.2) | 625 (12.3) | 939 (14.4) | 1873 (25.5) | 1907 (48.8) | 2477 (63.5) | 2733 (63.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Previous stroke or TIA | 658 (22.0) | 1080 (21.3) | 1302 (20.0) | 1417 (19.3) | 765 (19.6) | 780 (20.0) | 863 (20.0) | 0.0224 |
 Vascular disease | 425 (14.2) | 684 (13.5) | 875 (13.4) | 1069 (14.6) | 698 (17.9) | 755 (19.3) | 820 (19.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Age 65–74 yrs | 665 (22.2) | 1231 (24.3) | 1624 (24.9) | 1961 (26.7) | 1116 (28.6) | 1205 (30.9) | 1209 (28.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Female | 1263 (42.2) | 2081 (41.1) | 2823 (43.3) | 3192 (43.5) | 1801 (46.1) | 1809 (46.4) | 2001 (46.4) | < 0.0001 |
Bleeding comorbidity | ||||||||
 HAS-BLED score | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Age ≥ 65 yrs | 1965 (65.6) | 3292 (65.0) | 4347 (66.7) | 5094 (69.4) | 2812 (72.0) | 2803 (71.8) | 2781 (64.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Chronic liver disease | 640 (21.4) | 798 (15.8) | 995 (15.3) | 1079 (14.7) | 610 (15.6) | 625 (16.0) | 655 (15.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 685 (22.9) | 925 (18.3) | 1030 (15.8) | 1178 (16.1) | 698 (17.9) | 774 (19.8) | 761 (17.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Previous History of bleeding | 215 (7.2) | 287 (5.7) | 362 (5.6) | 386 (5.3) | 243 (6.2) | 212 (5.4) | 226 (5.2) | 0.0037 |
 Previous stroke or TIA | 658 (22.0) | 1080 (21.3) | 1302 (20.0) | 1417 (19.3) | 765 (19.6) | 780 (20.0) | 863 (20.0) | 0.0224 |
 Use of NSAIDs | 1758 (58.7) | 2845 (56.2) | 3698 (56.8) | 4120 (56.2) | 2163 (55.4) | 2131 (54.6) | 2301 (53.3) | < 0.0001 |
Other comorbidity | ||||||||
 Hyperlipidemia | 714 (23.9) | 1293 (25.5) | 1943 (29.8) | 2389 (32.6) | 1396 (35.7) | 1515 (38.8) | 1523 (35.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Gout | 417 (13.9) | 693 (13.7) | 837 (12.9) | 1035 (14.1) | 521 (13.3) | 492 (12.6) | 519 (12.0) | 0.0232 |
 Malignancy | 321 (10.7) | 465 (9.2) | 659 (10.1) | 683 (9.3) | 406 (10.4) | 435 (11.2) | 399 (9.3) | 0.0056 |
Laboratory data | ||||||||
 Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.1 (2.4) | 12.7 (2.3) | 12.9 (2.2) | 12.9 (2.2) | 12.6 (2.3) | 12.5 (2.3) | 12.8 (2.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Platelet, ×1000/Ul | 187.1 (76.6) | 191.4 (73.2) | 198.3 (74.0) | 201.9 (74.3) | 206.4 (78.4) | 208.4 (80.9) | 209.2 (84.2) | < 0.0001 |
 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 69.3 (41.0) | 70.6 (34.8) | 72.0 (34.0) | 70.0 (31.8) | 67.2 (36.5) | 65.0 (34.8) | 64.1 (36.6) | < 0.0001 |
 HbA1c, % | 5.2 (0.50) | 5.6 (0.3) | 5.8 (0.4) | 6.2 (0.5) | 6.8 (0.7) | 7.5 (0.9) | 9.5 (1.9) | < 0.0001 |
Baseline echocardiography | ||||||||
 Number of patients with data of echocardiography | 1832 (61.2) | 3172 (62.2) | 4207 (64.6) | 4657 (63.5) | 2514 (64.3) | 2509 (64.3) | 2562 (59.4) |  |
 LVEF, % | 62.6 (13.6) | 62.7 (14.1) | 62.3 (13.8) | 61.9 (14.6) | 61.3 (14.4) | 61.1 (14.4) | 60.8 (14.6) | < 0.0001 |
Baseline medications | ||||||||
 Use of Insulin | 146 (4.9) | 253 (5.0) | 337 (5.2) | 633 (8.6) | 670 (17.1) | 1080 (27.7) | 1786 (41.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of OHAs, not including SGLT2i and GLP1 agonist | 208 (6.9) | 308 (6.1) | 554 (8.5) | 1321 (18.0) | 1442 (36.9) | 1930 (49.4) | 2103 (48.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of SGLT2i | 15 (0.5) | 45 (0.9) | 68 (1.0) | 187 (2.6) | 212 (5.4) | 365 (9.4) | 526 (12.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of GLP1 agonist | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 0.0028 |
 Use of warfarin | 459 (15.3) | 796 (15.7) | 1051 (16.1) | 1082 (14.8) | 579 (14.8) | 563 (14.4) | 609 (14.1) | 0.0498 |
 Use of DOACs | 264 (8.8) | 541 (10.7) | 824 (12.7) | 1030 (14.0) | 513 (13.1) | 438 (11.2) | 356 (8.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of NSAIDs | 410 (13.7) | 588 (11.6) | 739 (11.3) | 947 (12.9) | 508 (13.0) | 494 (12.7) | 601 (13.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of ACEI/ARB | 1209 (40.4) | 2167 (42.8) | 2855 (43.8) | 3559 (48.5) | 1966 (50.3) | 2006 (51.4) | 2048 (47.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of loop diuretics | 842 (28.1) | 1257 (24.8) | 1591 (24.4) | 1993 (27.2) | 1262 (32.3) | 1265 (32.4) | 1493 (34.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of amiodarone | 577 (19.3) | 983 (19.4) | 1105 (17.0) | 1279 (17.4) | 728 (18.6) | 678 (17.4) | 661 (15.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of dronedarone | 47 (1.6) | 76 (1.5) | 103 (1.6) | 89 (1.2) | 43 (1.1) | 42 (1.1) | 18 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of beta-blocker | 1222 (40.8) | 2183 (43.1) | 2947 (45.2) | 3457 (47.1) | 2011 (51.5) | 1950 (50.0) | 2003 (46.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of diltiazem | 396 (13.2) | 721 (14.2) | 1025 (15.7) | 1145 (15.6) | 699 (17.9) | 721 (18.5) | 756 (17.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of verapamil | 127 (4.2) | 206 (4.1) | 258 (4.0) | 313 (4.3) | 168 (4.3) | 184 (4.7) | 174 (4.0) | 0.6483 |
 Use of digoxin | 498 (16.6) | 740 (14.6) | 1005 (15.4) | 1204 (16.4) | 698 (17.9) | 735 (18.8) | 1054 (24.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Use of statin | 368 (12.3) | 838 (16.5) | 1330 (20.4) | 1720 (23.5) | 1073 (27.5) | 1144 (29.3) | 1098 (25.5) | < 0.0001 |