Fig. 4

Risks of IS/SE and major bleeding in AF patients known to have DM or with unknown DM status across different HbA1c categories. There was no interaction observed with known DM or unknown DM status regarding the risk of IS/SE compared with patients with an HbA1c of < 5.4% in each HbA1c category (P interaction > 0.05 in all categories). There was also a significant trend for an increased risk of IS/SE among patients having HbA1c of 6.5%–6.9%, 7.0%–7.9%, and \(\ge\) 8.0% for patients known to have DM or with unknown DM status (for trends, both P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the risk of major bleeding across all HbA1c categories in AF patients known to have DM or with unknown DM status. *Risk of IS/SE was adjusted for CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, use of warfarin or DOACs, and eGFR. †Risk of major bleeding was adjusted for HAS-BLED score, use of warfarin or DOACs, and eGFR. AF atrial fibrillation, aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c; IS/SE ischemic stroke/systemic embolism