Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population
Overall | HbA1c < 6.5% | 6.5 ≤ HbA1c < 7.0% | 7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 7.5% | 7.5 ≤ HbA1c < 8.5% | HbA1c ≥ 8.5% | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1328) | (< 6.5%) | (6.5–7%) | (7–7.5%) | (7.5–8.5%) | (≥ 8.5%) | ||
(n = 267) | (n = 268) | (n = 262) | (n = 287) | (n = 244) | |||
Age, years-old | 66.7 ± 9.7 | 68.3 ± 9.8 | 68.5 ± 8.4 | 67.5 ± 9.1 | 66.2 ± 9.6 | 62.6 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 24.9 ± 3.7 | 0.018 |
Male, n (%) | 1079 (81.3) | 222 (83.2) | 210 (78.4) | 217 (82.8) | 239 (83.3) | 191 (78.3) | 0.32 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 994 (74.9) | 215 (80.5) | 208 (77.6) | 197 (75.2) | 206 (71.8) | 168 (68.9) | 0.019 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1246 (93.8) | 253 (94.8) | 248 (92.5) | 247 (94.3) | 272 (94.8) | 226 (92.6) | 0.68 |
Current or ex-smoker, n (%) | 348 (26.3) | 48 (18.0) | 62 (23.2) | 63 (24.1) | 80 (28.0) | 95 (38.9) | < 0.001 |
Family history, n (%) | 365 (27.6) | 73 (27.4) | 75 (28.0) | 73 (28.0) | 67 (23.5) | 77 (31.6) | 0.36 |
ACS presentation, n (%) | 344 (25.9) | 60 (22.5) | 52 (19.4) | 61 (23.3) | 82 (28.6) | 89 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
Number of diseased vessels | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.60 |
Complex lesion, n (%)a | 1095 (88.3) | 224 (89.2) | 225 (88.9) | 222 (89.5) | 226 (85.0) | 198 (89.2) | 0.45 |
Use of Stent, n (%) | 1202 (90.5) | 251 (94.0) | 238 (88.8) | 232 (88.6) | 261 (90.9) | 220 (90.2) | 0.20 |
SBP, mmHg | 135.9 ± 23.4 | 136.3 ± 22.8 | 137.2 ± 23.6 | 136.1 ± 24.3 | 135.7 ± 22.1 | 134.0 ± 24.3 | 0.62 |
DBP, mmHg | 73.0 ± 14.0 | 73.5 ± 13.5 | 73.0 ± 13.5 | 72.6 ± 15.2 | 72.5 ± 13.7 | 73.5 ± 13.8 | 0.86 |
Ejection fraction, (%) | 60.9 ± 12.8 | 61.4 ± 11.3 | 60.8 ± 12.8 | 61.6 ± 13.6 | 60.8 ± 13.6 | 59.7 ± 12.7 | 0.59 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 13.1 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
TC, mg/dL | 176.3 ± 39.2 | 168.0 ± 37.8 | 172.9 ± 35.2 | 172.2 ± 37.5 | 178.1 ± 38.8 | 191.6 ± 43.0 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 105.8 ± 33.2 | 100.5 ± 35.8 | 103.0 ± 28.6 | 102.6 ± 31.2 | 105.6 ± 31.8 | 118.4 ± 35.6 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 43.2 ± 13.1 | 42.3 ± 12.1 | 43.5 ± 12.5 | 44.2 ± 12.0 | 42.9 ± 13.1 | 42.9 ± 15.7 | 0.55 |
TG, mg/dL | 118 (87.0–165) | 113 (83.0–150) | 116 (87.3–162) | 113 (82.0–152) | 122 (90.0–181) | 129 (93.0–185) | 0.0024 |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 146.0 ± 64.7 | 117.7 ± 36.7 | 126.4 ± 41.7 | 140.4 ± 53.3 | 153.0 ± 63.4 | 196.3 ± 87.9 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 72.5 ± 22.9 | 70.0 ± 20.1 | 70.0 ± 23.4 | 72.1 ± 23.7 | 73.7 ± 21.8 | 77.2 ± 25.1 | 0.0014 |
CKD (stage 3–5), n (%) | 369 (27.8) | 83 (31.1) | 84 (31.3) | 75 (28.6) | 70 (24.4) | 57 (23.4) | 0.12 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.11 [0.04–0.32] | 0.10 [0.03–0.25] | 0.10 [0.04–0.28] | 0.09 [0.04–0.22] | 0.13 [0.05–0.37] | 0.20 [0.06–0.60] | < 0.001 |
Alb, g/dL | 3.91 ± 0.46 | 3.92 ± 0.42 | 3.90 ± 0.47 | 3.92 ± 0.46 | 3.92 ± 0.46 | 3.88 ± 0.52 | 0.86 |
GNRI | 103.1 [96.0–109.7] | 102.3 [95.9–108.0] | 103.9 [96.0–110.3] | 101.8 [94.2–109.5] | 103.9 [97.0–110.7] | 104.1 [96.4–110.2] | 0.18 |
Diabetes duration, years | 12 [5.0–20] | 10 [3.0–20] | 13 [5.0–20] | 12 [5.0–20] | 12 [6.0–20] | 12 [5.0–20] | 0.18 |
Glucose-lowering drugs | |||||||
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 564 (42.5) | 99 (37.1) | 106 (39.6) | 101 (38.6) | 141 (49.1) | 117 (48.0) | 0.0074 |
Metformin, n (%) | 258 (19.4) | 41 (15.4) | 48 (17.9) | 61 (23.3) | 61 (21.3) | 47 (19.3) | 0.18 |
Thiazolidinedione, n (%) | 169 (12.7) | 32 (12.0) | 40 (14.9) | 34 (13.0) | 41 (14.3) | 22 (9.0) | 0.29 |
DPP4 inhibitor, n (%) | 274 (20.6) | 76 (28.5) | 70 (26.1) | 55 (21.0) | 55 (19.2) | 18 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | 516 (38.9) | 113 (42.3) | 104 (38.8) | 97 (37.0) | 112 (39.0) | 90 (36.9) | 0.71 |
Glinides, n (%) | 144 (10.8) | 30 (11.2) | 31 (11.6) | 36 (13.7) | 26 (9.1) | 21 (8.6) | 0.32 |
Insulin, n (%) | 427 (32.2) | 37 (13.9) | 69 (25.8) | 81 (30.9) | 99 (34.5) | 141 (57.8) | < 0.001 |
Other drugs | |||||||
Statin, n (%) | 1006 (75.8) | 203 (76.0) | 215 (80.2) | 192 (73.3) | 220 (76.7) | 176 (72.1) | 0.23 |
Beta-blocker, n (%) | 631 (48.1) | 132 (49.8) | 133 (49.8) | 113 (43.6) | 135 (48.0) | 118 (49.4) | 0.58 |
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 724 (55.2) | 149 (56.2) | 151 (56.6) | 139 (53.7) | 145 (51.6) | 140 (58.6) | 0.54 |