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Table 4 Sensitivity analyses for evaluating the potential bias due to comorbidities, by excluding persons with diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and hypoglycemia

From: Fasting plasma glucose variability and HbA1c are associated with peripheral artery disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Variables

n

Cases

Person-years

IR

Multivariate-adjusted HR 95% CI

Model I

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2607

56

21,284.98

2.63

1.00

  6–8

13,335

368

110,444.51

3.33

1.21 (0.91, 1.61)

  8–10

9077

242

74,554.23

3.25

1.07 (0.79, 1.45)

  ≥ 10

5386

205

43,260.94

4.74

1.53 (1.11, 2.09)**

 p for trend

    

0.01

 FPG-CV (%)

  ≤ 17.5

10,074

244

84,668.74

2.88

1.00

  17.5–34.8

10,048

303

83,481.24

3.63

1.19 (1.01, 1.42)*

  > 34.8

10,283

324

81,394.68

3.98

1.23 (1.04, 1.47)*

 p for trend

    

0.02

Model II

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2629

58

21,421.83

2.71

1.00

  6–8

13,412

372

110,998.85

3.35

1.18 (0.89, 1.56)

  8–10

9144

245

75,038.39

3.26

1.04 (0.77, 1.40)

  ≥ 10

5436

211

43,554.03

4.84

1.51 (1.11, 2.05)**

 p for trend

    

0.01

 FPG-CV (%)

  ≤ 17.5

10,126

246

85,067.16

2.89

1.00

  17.5–34.8

10,105

304

83,885.01

3.62

1.19 (1.00, 1.41)*

  > 34.8

10,390

336

82,060.93

4.09

1.26 (1.06, 1.50)**

 p for trend

    

0.007

Model III

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2604

59

21,261.14

2.78

1.00

  6–8

13,181

372

109,131.66

3.41

1.18 (0.89, 1.57)

  8–10

8981

245

73,772.11

3.32

1.05 (0.78, 1.41)

  ≥ 10

5365

204

43,072.94

4.74

1.47 (1.08, 2.00)*

 p for trend

    

0.02

 FPG-CV (%)

  ≤ 17.5

9968

248

83,751.3

2.96

1.00

  17.5–34.8

9938

301

82,597.88

3.64

1.17 (0.99, 1.39)

  > 34.8

10,225

331

80,888.67

4.09

1.24 (1.04, 1.47)*

 p for trend

    

0.01

Model IV

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2645

59

21,577.48

2.73

1.00

  6–8

13,469

374

111,541.73

3.35

1.18 (0.89, 1.56)

  8–10

9183

247

75,373.75

3.28

1.05 (0.78, 1.41)

  ≥ 10

5482

211

43,970.42

4.80

1.50 (1.11, 2.04)**

 p for trend

    

0.01

 FPG-CV (%)

     

  ≤ 17.5

10,167

249

85,419.13

2.92

1.00

  17.5–34.8

10,153

305

84,359.17

3.62

1.18 (0.99, 1.39)

  > 34.8

10,459

337

82,685.08

4.08

1.25 (1.05, 1.48)*

 p for trend

    

0.009

Model V

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2646

59

21,595.5

2.73

1.00

  6–8

13,470

372

111,547.16

3.33

1.17 (0.88, 1.54)

  8–10

9193

246

75,477.85

3.26

1.03 (0.77, 1.39)

  ≥ 10

5498

210

44,089.87

4.76

1.46 (1.08, 1.99)*

 p for trend

    

0.02

 FPG-CV (%)

  ≤ 17.5

10,190

248

85,621.37

2.90

1.00

  17.5–34.8

10,160

304

84,395.44

3.60

1.18 (1.00, 1.40)

  > 34.8

10,457

335

82,693.58

4.05

1.25 (1.05, 1.48)*

 p for trend

    

0.008

Model VI

 HbA1c (%)

  < 6

2500

56

20,470.2

2.74

1.00

  6–8

12,803

352

106,329.25

3.31

1.15 (0.86, 1.54)

  8–10

8716

239

71,749.68

3.33

1.06 (0.78, 1.43)

  ≥ 10

5185

197

41,763.28

4.72

1.46 (1.06, 2.00)*

 p for trend

    

0.02

 FPG-CV (%)

     

  ≤ 17.5

9734

235

81,922.2

2.87

1.00

  17.5–34.8

9657

293

80,391.77

3.64

1.21 (1.02, 1.44)*

  > 34.8

9813

316

77,998.43

4.05

1.27 (1.07, 1.52)**

 p for trend

    

0.006

  1. Multivariate-adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes duration, type of hypoglycemic medication, hypertension medication, obesity cardiovascular risk factors, stroke, coronary artery disease, cancer, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, chronic hepatitis, hypoglycemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. Model I: persons with HHNK being excluded (N = 527)
  3. Model II: persons with DKA being excluded (N = 311)
  4. Model III: persons with myocardial infarction being excluded (N = 801)
  5. Model IV: persons with atrial fibrillation being excluded (N = 153)
  6. Model V: persons with hypoglycemia being excluded (N = 125)
  7. Model VI: persons with HHNK, DKA, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and hypoglycemia being excluded (N = 1728)
  8. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001