Fasting plasma glucose variability and HbA1c are associated with peripheral artery disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Hazard ratios (HRs) of peripheral vascular disease based on HbA₁c and FPG-CV levels in persons with diabetes enrolled in the National Diabetes Care Management Program, Taiwan (n = 30,932)

Variables	n	Cases	Person-years	IR	Peripheral vascular disease (N = 894)
Variables	n	Cases	Person-years	IR	Age and gender-adjusted	Multivariate-adjusted^a	Multivariate-adjusted^b
HbA1c (%)
< 6	2663	59	21,708.26	2.72	1.00	1.00	1.00
6–8	13,535	377	111,972.54	3.37	2.31 (1.72, 3.11)***	1.20 (0.90, 1.58)	1.19 (0.90, 1.57)
8–10	9229	247	75,713.95	3.26	2.29 (1.69, 3.10)***	1.06 (0.79, 1.42)	1.05 (0.78, 1.41)
≥ 10	5505	211	44,117.07	4.78	3.52 (2.59, 4.76)***	1.52 (1.12, 2.06)**	1.50 (1.10, 2.04)**
p for trend					< 0.001	0.01	0.01
FPG-CV (%)
≤ 17.5	10,214	251	85,777.39	2.93	1.00	1.00	1.00
17.5–34.8	10,199	306	84,671.99	3.61	1.34 (1.13, 1.59)***	1.18 (1.00, 1.40)	1.17 (0.99, 1.39)
> 34.8	10,519	337	83,062.43	4.06	1.44 (1.21, 1.71)***	1.25 (1.05, 1.48)*	1.24 (1.04, 1.47)*
p for trend					< 0.001	0.01	0.01

Multivariate-adjusted^a for age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes duration, type of hypoglycemic medication, hypertension medication and obesity
Multivariate-adjusted^b for cardiovascular risk factors, stroke, coronary artery disease, cancer, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, chronic hepatitis, hypoglycemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in addition to the variables in first multivariate model
IR incidence density rate = number of incident cases/person-years * 1000
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

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