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Table 2 Baseline characteristics based on HbA1c level and FPG-CV in patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the National Diabetes Care Management Program, Taiwan (n = 30,932)

From: Fasting plasma glucose variability and HbA1c are associated with peripheral artery disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Variables

HbA1c (%)

FPG-CV (%)

p-value

< 6.0 (N = 2663)

6.0–8.0 (N = 13,535)

8.0–10.0 (N = 9229)

≥ 10.0 (N = 5505)

p-value

≤ 17.5 (N = 10,214)

17.5–34.8 (N = 10,199)

> 34.8 (N = 10,519)

Sociodemographic factors

 Male, n (%)

1496 (56.18)

6406 (47.33)

3959 (42.9)

2568 (46.65)

< 0.001

4880 (47.78)

4645 (45.54)

4904 (46.62)

0.006

 Age (years), mean (SD)

62.84 (11.93)

62.11 (11.02)

60.52 (10.85)

58.27 (11.03)

< 0.001

61.07 (11.13)

61.04 (11.03)

60.93 (11.29)

0.64

Lifestyle behaviors, n (%)

 Smoking

377 (14.16)

1897 (14.02)

1394 (15.1)

992 (18.02)

< 0.001

1407 (13.78)

1479 (14.50)

1774 (16.86)

< 0.001

 Alcohol drinking

255 (9.58)

1133 (8.37)

730 (7.91)

467 (8.48)

0.05

858 (8.4)

818 (8.02)

909 (8.64)

0.27

Diabetes-related variables

 Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD)

5.00 (5.98)

6.60 (6.70)

7.69 (7.01)

6.84 (6.69)

< 0.001

6.13 (6.32)

7.01 (6.78)

7.35 (7.13)

< 0.001

 Type of hypoglycemic drug use, n (%)

    

< 0.001

   

< 0.001

  No medication

104 (3.91)

180 (1.33)

57 (0.62)

29 (0.53)

 

177 (1.73)

101 (0.99)

92 (0.87)

 

  One oral hypoglycemic drug

991 (37.21)

2993 (22.11)

866 (9.38)

397 (7.21)

 

2473 (24.21)

1566 (15.35)

1208 (11.48)

 

  Two oral hypoglycemic drugs

1135 (42.62)

6412 (47.37)

3640 (39.44)

1702 (30.92)

 

4520 (44.25)

4441 (43.54)

3928 (37.34)

 

  Three oral hypoglycemic drugs

234 (8.79)

2086 (15.41)

2114 (22.91)

1278 (23.22)

 

1663 (16.28)

2044 (20.04)

2005 (19.06)

 

  > 3 oral hypoglycemic drugs

40 (1.50)

485 (3.58)

635 (6.88)

474 (8.61)

 

423 (4.14)

587 (5.76)

624 (5.93)

 

  Insulin

55 (2.07)

327 (2.42)

332 (3.6)

189 (3.43)

 

175 (1.71)

237 (2.32)

491 (4.67)

 

  Insulin+ oral hypoglycemic drug

104 (3.91)

1052 (7.77)

1585 (17.17)

1436 (26.09)

 

783 (7.67)

1223 (11.99)

2171 (20.64)

 

 HbA1c (%), mean (SD)

5.47 (0.45)

6.99 (0.55)

8.83 (0.57)

11.43 (1.28)

< 0.001

7.69 (1.73)

8.12 (1.80)

8.76 (2.13)

< 0.001

 FPG-CV (%),mean (SD)

26.29 (23.24)

27.83 (23.21)

33.92 (25.26)

43.14 (31.76)

< 0.001

10.15 (4.72)

25.41 (4.90)

60.30 (25.79)

< 0.001

Drug-related variables, n (%)

 Hypertension drug treatment

1063 (39.92)

5572 (41.17)

3610 (39.12)

1742 (31.64)

< 0.001

4005 (39.21)

3960 (38.83)

4022 (38.24)

0.35

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Obesity (BMI ≥ 27)

961 (36.09)

5066 (37.43)

3439 (37.26)

1765 (32.06)

< 0.001

3796 (37.16)

3756 (36.83)

3679 (34.97)

0.002

 CAD

226 (8.49)

1241 (9.17)

839 (9.09)

396 (7.19)

< 0.001

884 (8.65)

906 (8.88)

912 (8.67)

0.81

 Stroke

169 (6.35)

654 (4.83)

497 (5.39)

251 (4.56)

0.002

432 (4.23)

516 (5.06)

623 (5.92)

< 0.001

 CHF

83 (3.12)

375 (2.77)

227 (2.46)

119 (2.16)

0.03

240 (2.35)

280 (2.75)

284 (2.70)

0.15

 Cancer

56 (2.10)

280 (2.07)

216 (2.34)

97 (1.76)

0.13

191 (1.87)

206 (2.02)

252 (2.40)

0.02

 Hyperlipidemia

627 (23.54)

3592 (26.54)

2414 (26.16)

1208 (21.94)

< 0.001

2738 (26.81)

2619 (25.68)

2484 (23.61)

< 0.001

 Hypertension

1282 (48.14)

6565 (48.50)

4296 (46.55)

1990 (36.15)

< 0.001

4545 (44.5)

4769 (46.76)

4819 (45.81)

0.005

 Atrial fibrillation

18 (0.68)

66 (0.49)

46 (0.50)

23 (0.42)

0.48

47 (0.46)

46 (0.45)

60 (0.57)

0.39

 Chronic hepatitis

268 (10.06)

1332 (9.84)

899 (9.74)

479 (8.70)

0.08

941 (9.21)

992 (9.73)

1045 (9.93)

0.19

 COPD

138 (5.18)

621 (4.59)

427 (4.63)

221 (4.01)

0.10

397 (3.89)

468 (4.59)

542 (5.15)

< 0.001

 Hypoglycemia

17 (0.64)

65 (0.48)

36 (0.39)

7 (0.13)

0.001

24 (0.23)

39 (0.38)

62 (0.59)

< 0.001

Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)

 SBP ≥ 130/DBP ≥ 85 (mmHg)

1811 (68.01)

9480 (70.04)

6459 (69.99)

3587 (65.16)

< 0.001

7056 (69.08)

7044 (69.07)

7237 (68.80)

0.88

 TG ≥ 150 (mg/dL)

934 (35.07)

5460 (40.34)

4319 (46.8)

2759 (50.12)

< 0.001

4166 (40.79)

4390 (43.04)

4916 (46.73)

< 0.001

 HDL: female < 50; male < 40 (mg/dL)

1315 (49.38)

7036 (51.98)

4955 (53.69)

2737 (49.72)

< 0.001

5178 (50.7)

5358 (52.53)

5507 (52.35)

0.01

 LDL ≥ 100 (mg/dL)

1688 (63.39)

9228 (68.18)

6521 (70.66)

4110 (74.66)

< 0.001

7202 (70.51)

7056 (69.18)

7289 (69.29)

0.07

 eGFR < 60 (mL/min/1.73 m2)

827 (31.06)

3858 (28.5)

2333 (25.28)

1189 (21.6)

< 0.001

2340 (22.91)

2661 (26.09)

3206 (30.48)

< 0.001

  1. Differences in continuous variables tested by ANOVA. Differences in categorical variables tested by chi-square or Fisher’s exact test
  2. CHF congestive heart failure, CAD coronary artery disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, TG triglyceride, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL low-density lipoprotein