Variables | HbA1c (%) | FPG-CV (%) | p-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 6.0 (N = 2663) | 6.0–8.0 (N = 13,535) | 8.0–10.0 (N = 9229) | ≥ 10.0 (N = 5505) | p-value | ≤ 17.5 (N = 10,214) | 17.5–34.8 (N = 10,199) | > 34.8 (N = 10,519) | ||
Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||
 Male, n (%) | 1496 (56.18) | 6406 (47.33) | 3959 (42.9) | 2568 (46.65) | < 0.001 | 4880 (47.78) | 4645 (45.54) | 4904 (46.62) | 0.006 |
 Age (years), mean (SD) | 62.84 (11.93) | 62.11 (11.02) | 60.52 (10.85) | 58.27 (11.03) | < 0.001 | 61.07 (11.13) | 61.04 (11.03) | 60.93 (11.29) | 0.64 |
Lifestyle behaviors, n (%) | |||||||||
 Smoking | 377 (14.16) | 1897 (14.02) | 1394 (15.1) | 992 (18.02) | < 0.001 | 1407 (13.78) | 1479 (14.50) | 1774 (16.86) | < 0.001 |
 Alcohol drinking | 255 (9.58) | 1133 (8.37) | 730 (7.91) | 467 (8.48) | 0.05 | 858 (8.4) | 818 (8.02) | 909 (8.64) | 0.27 |
Diabetes-related variables | |||||||||
 Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 5.00 (5.98) | 6.60 (6.70) | 7.69 (7.01) | 6.84 (6.69) | < 0.001 | 6.13 (6.32) | 7.01 (6.78) | 7.35 (7.13) | < 0.001 |
 Type of hypoglycemic drug use, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  No medication | 104 (3.91) | 180 (1.33) | 57 (0.62) | 29 (0.53) |  | 177 (1.73) | 101 (0.99) | 92 (0.87) |  |
  One oral hypoglycemic drug | 991 (37.21) | 2993 (22.11) | 866 (9.38) | 397 (7.21) |  | 2473 (24.21) | 1566 (15.35) | 1208 (11.48) |  |
  Two oral hypoglycemic drugs | 1135 (42.62) | 6412 (47.37) | 3640 (39.44) | 1702 (30.92) |  | 4520 (44.25) | 4441 (43.54) | 3928 (37.34) |  |
  Three oral hypoglycemic drugs | 234 (8.79) | 2086 (15.41) | 2114 (22.91) | 1278 (23.22) |  | 1663 (16.28) | 2044 (20.04) | 2005 (19.06) |  |
  > 3 oral hypoglycemic drugs | 40 (1.50) | 485 (3.58) | 635 (6.88) | 474 (8.61) |  | 423 (4.14) | 587 (5.76) | 624 (5.93) |  |
  Insulin | 55 (2.07) | 327 (2.42) | 332 (3.6) | 189 (3.43) |  | 175 (1.71) | 237 (2.32) | 491 (4.67) |  |
  Insulin+ oral hypoglycemic drug | 104 (3.91) | 1052 (7.77) | 1585 (17.17) | 1436 (26.09) |  | 783 (7.67) | 1223 (11.99) | 2171 (20.64) |  |
 HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.47 (0.45) | 6.99 (0.55) | 8.83 (0.57) | 11.43 (1.28) | < 0.001 | 7.69 (1.73) | 8.12 (1.80) | 8.76 (2.13) | < 0.001 |
 FPG-CV (%),mean (SD) | 26.29 (23.24) | 27.83 (23.21) | 33.92 (25.26) | 43.14 (31.76) | < 0.001 | 10.15 (4.72) | 25.41 (4.90) | 60.30 (25.79) | < 0.001 |
Drug-related variables, n (%) | |||||||||
 Hypertension drug treatment | 1063 (39.92) | 5572 (41.17) | 3610 (39.12) | 1742 (31.64) | < 0.001 | 4005 (39.21) | 3960 (38.83) | 4022 (38.24) | 0.35 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||||||
 Obesity (BMI ≥ 27) | 961 (36.09) | 5066 (37.43) | 3439 (37.26) | 1765 (32.06) | < 0.001 | 3796 (37.16) | 3756 (36.83) | 3679 (34.97) | 0.002 |
 CAD | 226 (8.49) | 1241 (9.17) | 839 (9.09) | 396 (7.19) | < 0.001 | 884 (8.65) | 906 (8.88) | 912 (8.67) | 0.81 |
 Stroke | 169 (6.35) | 654 (4.83) | 497 (5.39) | 251 (4.56) | 0.002 | 432 (4.23) | 516 (5.06) | 623 (5.92) | < 0.001 |
 CHF | 83 (3.12) | 375 (2.77) | 227 (2.46) | 119 (2.16) | 0.03 | 240 (2.35) | 280 (2.75) | 284 (2.70) | 0.15 |
 Cancer | 56 (2.10) | 280 (2.07) | 216 (2.34) | 97 (1.76) | 0.13 | 191 (1.87) | 206 (2.02) | 252 (2.40) | 0.02 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 627 (23.54) | 3592 (26.54) | 2414 (26.16) | 1208 (21.94) | < 0.001 | 2738 (26.81) | 2619 (25.68) | 2484 (23.61) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 1282 (48.14) | 6565 (48.50) | 4296 (46.55) | 1990 (36.15) | < 0.001 | 4545 (44.5) | 4769 (46.76) | 4819 (45.81) | 0.005 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 18 (0.68) | 66 (0.49) | 46 (0.50) | 23 (0.42) | 0.48 | 47 (0.46) | 46 (0.45) | 60 (0.57) | 0.39 |
 Chronic hepatitis | 268 (10.06) | 1332 (9.84) | 899 (9.74) | 479 (8.70) | 0.08 | 941 (9.21) | 992 (9.73) | 1045 (9.93) | 0.19 |
 COPD | 138 (5.18) | 621 (4.59) | 427 (4.63) | 221 (4.01) | 0.10 | 397 (3.89) | 468 (4.59) | 542 (5.15) | < 0.001 |
 Hypoglycemia | 17 (0.64) | 65 (0.48) | 36 (0.39) | 7 (0.13) | 0.001 | 24 (0.23) | 39 (0.38) | 62 (0.59) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||||||
 SBP ≥ 130/DBP ≥ 85 (mmHg) | 1811 (68.01) | 9480 (70.04) | 6459 (69.99) | 3587 (65.16) | < 0.001 | 7056 (69.08) | 7044 (69.07) | 7237 (68.80) | 0.88 |
 TG ≥ 150 (mg/dL) | 934 (35.07) | 5460 (40.34) | 4319 (46.8) | 2759 (50.12) | < 0.001 | 4166 (40.79) | 4390 (43.04) | 4916 (46.73) | < 0.001 |
 HDL: female < 50; male < 40 (mg/dL) | 1315 (49.38) | 7036 (51.98) | 4955 (53.69) | 2737 (49.72) | < 0.001 | 5178 (50.7) | 5358 (52.53) | 5507 (52.35) | 0.01 |
 LDL ≥ 100 (mg/dL) | 1688 (63.39) | 9228 (68.18) | 6521 (70.66) | 4110 (74.66) | < 0.001 | 7202 (70.51) | 7056 (69.18) | 7289 (69.29) | 0.07 |
 eGFR < 60 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 827 (31.06) | 3858 (28.5) | 2333 (25.28) | 1189 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 2340 (22.91) | 2661 (26.09) | 3206 (30.48) | < 0.001 |