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Table 2 Hazard ratios of variability of fasting glucose and HbA1c for risk on insulin initiation, diabetes-related complications

From: Visit-to-visit variability of glycemia and vascular complications: the Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort

 

Fasting glucose CV

HbA1c–CV

Base

Adjusted

Base

Adjusted

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Ptrend

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Ptrend

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Ptrend

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Ptrend

Insulin initiation,

N = 3955, events = 1116

N = 3955, events = 1116

 Q2

1.07 [0.80–1.43]

0.64

5.23·10−67

1.00 [0.75–1.33]

0.98

3.31·10−44

1.57 [1.17–2.10]

2.90·10−3

2.31·10−17

1.52 [1.13–2.04]

5.38·10−3

4.00·10−11

 Q3

1.56 [1.20–2.03]

9.81·10−4

 

1.47 [1.13–1.91]

4.50·10−3

 

1.84 [1.39–2.44]

2.51·10−5

 

1.71 [1.29–2.28]

2.12·10−4

 

 Q4

2.43 [1.90–3.12]

2.54·10−12

 

2.10 [1.64–2.70]

5.70·10−9

 

2.53 [1.93–3.33]

2.37·10−11

 

2.39 [1.81–3.14]

5.31·10−10

 

 Q5

4.38 [3.44–5.59]

8.69·10−33

 

3.33 [2.61–4.27]

8.43·10−22

 

2.88 [2.19–3.78]

2.76·10−14

 

2.45 [1.86–3.22]

2.00·10−10

 

Retinopathy

N = 3893, events = 182

N = 3898, events = 182

 Q2

1.54 [0.75–3.17]

0.24

2.12·10−9

1.37 [0.67–2.82]

0.39

1.08·10−3

0.77 [0.39–1.52]

0.46

0.15

0.73 [0.37–1.44]

0.36

0.80

 Q3

1.82 [0.91–3.65]

0.09

 

1.56 [0.78–3.14]

0.21

 

1.41 [0.78–2.55]

0.26

 

1.24 [0.68–2.25]

0.48

 

 Q4

3.08 [1.61–5.89]

6.85·10−4

 

2.35 [1.22–4.51]

0.01

 

1.53 [0.86–2.73]

0.14

 

1.28 [0.71–2.29]

0.41

 

 Q5

4.52 [2.39–8.57]

3.77·10−6

 

2.59 [1.34–5.01]

4.56·10−3

 

1.41 [0.79–2.52]

0.25

 

1.06 [0.59–1.92]

0.84

 

eGFR stage

N = 3959, events = 503

N = 3965, events = 507

 

 Q2

0.97 [0.73–1.29]

0.81

0.03

0.95 [0.71–1.27]

0.73

0.28

1.20 [0.90–1.61]

0.22

0.39

1.23 [0.92–1.66]

0.16

0.45

 Q3

1.07 [0.79–1.44]

0.66

 

1.06 [0.78–1.43]

0.72

 

1.04 [0.77–1.41]

0.78

 

1.04 [0.77–1.40]

0.80

 

 Q4

1.03 [0.77–1.39]

0.82

 

0.91 [0.68–1.23]

0.55

 

1.09 [0.81–1.48]

0.56

 

1.16 [0.86–1.57]

0.34

 

 Q5

1.31 [0.98–1.76]

0.07

 

1.16 [0.85–1.58]

0.35

 

1.21 [0.89–1.66]

0.23

 

1.20 [0.87–1.65]

0.26

 

CKD stage

N = 2688, events = 802

N = 2694, events = 806

 Q2

0.92 [0.72–1.16]

0.46

5.52·10−3

0.92 [0.72–1.16]

0.46

0.05

1.08 [0.85–1.37]

0.51

0.61

1.10 [0.87–1.39]

0.42

0.73

 Q3

0.92 [0.72–1.17]

0.50

 

0.92 [0.72–1.17]

0.50

 

0.90 [0.71–1.15]

0.41

 

0.88 [0.69–1.11]

0.28

 

 Q4

1.05 [0.83–1.32]

0.70

 

1.05 [0.83–1.32]

0.70

 

0.96 [0.75–1.22]

0.73

 

0.95 [0.74–1.22]

0.68

 

 Q5

1.23 [0.97–1.55]

0.08

 

1.23 [0.97–1.55]

0.08

 

1.07 [0.84–1.37]

0.58

 

1.05 [0.82–1.35]

0.69

 

Microalbuminuria

(N = 3949, events = 1448)

N = 3953, events = 1452

 Q2

1.25 [1.04–1.50]

0.01

4.23·10−7

1.20 [1.00–1.44]

0.05

0.01

1.04 [0.87–1.25]

0.65

1.43·10−4

1.01 [0.84–1.21]

0.94

0.01

 Q3

1.39 [1.16–1.67]

3.33·10−4

 

1.32 [1.10–1.58]

2.54·10−3

 

1.15 [0.96–1.37]

0.13

 

1.09 [0.91–1.31]

0.33

 

 Q4

1.53 [1.28–1.83]

3.43·10−6

 

1.37 [1.15–1.65]

6.05·10−4

 

1.31 [1.09–1.56]

3.40·10−3

 

1.23 [1.03–1.47]

0.02

 

 Q5

1.63 [1.36–1.96]

1.33·10−7

 

1.36 [1.13–1.65]

1.51·10−3

 

1.38 [1.14–1.66]

7.11·10−4

 

1.23 [1.02–1.49]

0.03

 

Macroalbuminuria

N = 3949, events = 250

N = 3953, events = 251

 Q2

1.32 [0.80–2.17]

0.28

2.98·10−7

1.28 [0.77–2.12]

0.34

6.56·10−4

1.42 [0.89–2.25]

0.14

0.12

1.42 [0.89–2.27]

0.14

0.32

 Q3

1.78 [1.09–2.89]

0.02

 

1.69 [1.03–2.75]

0.04

 

0.97 [0.59–1.59]

0.91

 

0.95 [0.58–1.57]

0.85

 

 Q4

1.97 [1.22–3.18]

0.01

 

1.79 [1.10–2.91]

0.02

 

1.35 [0.85–2.15]

0.21

 

1.29 [0.80–2.07]

0.29

 

 Q5

2.89 [1.82–4.60]

7.40·10−6

 

2.26 [1.39–3.70]

1.11·10−3

 

1.49 [0.93–2.40]

0.10

 

1.36 [0.84–2.21]

0.21

 

Macrovascular complications

N = 3437, events = 479

N = 3442, events = 480

 Q2

1.15 [0.83–1.58]

0.40

1.56·10−3

1.14 [0.83–1.57]

0.41

3.96·10−3

0.97 [0.70–1.34]

0.84

0.02

0.97 [0.70–1.34]

0.84

0.04

 Q3

1.41 [1.03–1.93]

0.03

 

1.39 [1.01–1.91]

0.04

 

1.27 [0.94–1.73]

0.12

 

1.27 [0.94–1.73]

0.12

 

 Q4

1.43 [1.04–1.95]

0.03

 

1.41 [1.02–1.94]

0.04

 

1.27 [0.93–1.73]

0.13

 

1.27 [0.93–1.73]

0.13

 

 Q5

1.64 [1.20–2.24]

2.10·10−3

 

1.62 [1.16–2.26]

4.28·10−3

 

1.39 [1.01–1.91]

0.05

 

1.39 [1.01–1.91]

0.05

 

All–cause mortality

N = 3959, events = 691

N = 3965, events = 696

 Q2

1.00 [0.77–1.31]

0.99

7.31·10−7

0.99 [0.76–1.29]

0.94

1.03·10−5

0.93 [0.71–1.21]

0.58

2.34·10−4

0.92 [0.71–1.20]

0.56

6.87·10−4

 Q3

1.35 [1.04–1.77]

0.03

 

1.34 [1.03–1.75]

0.03

 

0.94 [0.73–1.22]

0.66

 

0.94 [0.73–1.22]

0.65

 

 Q4

1.13 [0.86–1.48]

0.37

 

1.11 [0.85–1.46]

0.44

 

1.06 [0.82–1.36]

0.65

 

1.05 [0.82–1.36]

0.69

 

 Q5

1.74 [1.34–2.24]

2.43·10−5

 

1.69 [1.29–2.22]

1.34·10−4

 

1.41 [1.10–1.82]

7.70·10−3

 

1.38 [1.07–1.80]

0.01

 
  1. Base model adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis and BMI and stratified by fasting glucose or HbA1c tertiles. Adjusted model includes sex, BMI, HDL, age at diagnosis, triglycerides, HbA1c at baseline, oral glucose lowering drugs, insulin use (for complication models) and eGFR (kidney function-related models) stratified by tertiles of glucose or HbA1c