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Table 1 Baseline characteristics by BB status

From: Effect of beta blocker use and type on hypoglycemia risk among hospitalized insulin requiring patients

 

No BB

(N = 10,216) 

Carvedilol

(N = 1020) 

SBB

(N = 886) 

p-value

Age, years

60 (15) 

64 (13) 

65 (13) 

< 0.0001 

Male, N (%)

4986 (49) 

381 (37) 

383 (43) 

< 0.0001 

Race, N (%)

   

< 0.0001 

 Caucasian

7422 (73) 

628 (62) 

689 (78) 

–

 African

2293 (22) 

357 (35) 

174 (20) 

–

 Asian

121 (1.2) 

10 (1.0) 

4 (0.45) 

–

 American Indian

20 (0.20) 

1 (0.10) 

0 (0) 

–

 Middle Eastern

28 (0.27) 

2 (0.20) 

2 (0.23) 

–

 Other

332 (3.3) 

22 (2.2) 

17 (1.9) 

–

Body mass index, kg/m2

33.1 (9.4) 

33.7 (9.6) 

33.4 (9.6) 

0.13 

Surgery service, N (%)

2837 (28) 

72 (7.1) 

140 (16) 

< 0.0001 

Cardiac service, N (%)

1330 (13)

401 (39)

352 (30)

< 0.0001

Hemoglobin A1c,  %

7.98 (2.53)

N = 1704

7.71 (2.14)

N = 186

7.78 (2.30)

N = 113

0.30

Admission creatinine, μmol/L

1.40 (1.50) 

2.24 (2.14) 

1.63 (1.46) 

< 0.0001 

Hospital length of stay, days

4 (3–7) 

6 (4–10) 

6 (4–11) 

< 0.0001 

Basal insulin at admission, N (%)

500 (4.9) 

272 (27) 

292 (33) 

< 0.0001 

Heart failure, N (%)

461 (4.5) 

814 (80) 

459 (52) 

< 0.0001 

Sulfonylurea/glinide

25 (0.24)

40 (3.9)

31 (3.5)

< 0.0001

Other glucose lowering agents (non-insulin, non-sulfonylurea/glinide)

67 (0.66)

95 (0.93)

61 (6.9)

< 0.0001

ACE inhibitor/ARB

171 (1.7)

515 (50)

278 (31)

< 0.0001

Statin

340 (3.3)

692 (68)

395 (45)

< 0.0001

Aspirin

361 (3.5)

698 (68)

397 (45)

<0.0001

Mean glucose (mmol/L)

    

 Admission

175 (95) 

175 (92) 

168 (87) 

0.11 

 24 h

167 (61) 

167 (62) 

165 (59) 

0.75 

 72 h

164 (47) 

164 (47) 

162 (46) 

0.51 

Hypoglycemia, N (%)

 < 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), first 24 h

497 (4.9) 

138 (13.5) 

151 (17) 

< 0.0001 

 < 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), during hospital stay

1194 (12) 

393 (38) 

441 (50) 

< 0.0001 

 < 2.2 mmol/L, (40 mg/dL), during hospital stay

132 (1.3) 

47 (4.6) 

43 (4.9) 

< 0.0001 

 Events < 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL)/day during hospital stay

0 (0.0)

0 (0.17)

0 (0.025)

< 0.0001

Glucose coefficient of variation (%)

 24 h

0.22 (0.13) 

0.26 (0.15) 

0.26 (0.15) 

< 0.0001 

 72 h

0.24 (0.11) 

0.29 (0.13) 

0.28 (0.12) 

< 0.0001 

  1. Continuous variables that are normally distributed are reported as mean (standard deviation) and analyzed with the analysis of variance. Continuous variables that are not normally distributed are reported as median (interquartile range [IQR]) and analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank-sum. Dichotomous variables are presented using number (percentage) and analyzed using the Chi-square test
  2. BB beta blocker, SBB selective beta blocker
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840