GLP-1 analog liraglutide-induced cardiac dysfunction due to energetic starvation in heart failure with non-diabetic dilated cardiomyopathy

Table 1 Biometric and hemodynamic parameters of hamsters with normal heart and heart failure

	Normal hamsters (J2N-n)	PBS treatment (J2N-k)	Low-dose liraglutide treatment (J2N-k)	High-dose liraglutide treatment (J2N-k)
	(n = 8)	(n = 14)	(n = 12)	(n = 13)
Biometry
Body weight, g	120 ± 4.8	111 ± 2.7	113 ± 2.1	107 ± 2.8
Heart, g	0.51 ± 0.22	0.63 ± 0.20	0.60 ± 0.02	0.72 ± 0.04
Heart/BW, mg/g	4.3 ± 0.0	5.7 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.3	6.7 ± 0.4*
Lungs, g	0.75 ± 0.03	0.74 ± 0.04	0.62 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.09
Lungs/BW, mg/g	5.8 ± 0.2	6.8 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.2	7.9 ± 0.9
Echocardiography
HR, beats/min	392 ± 18	376 ± 13	412 ± 17	376 ± 19
LVEDD, mm	4.5 ± 0.1	7.5 ± 0.2	7.5 ± 0.2	7.4 ± 0.1
LVESD, mm	2.5 ± 0.1	6.6 ± 0.2	6.4 ± 0.2	6.3 ± 0.2
LV ejection, %	0.81 ± 0.01	0.31 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.02	0.35 ± 0.02
LV FS, %	0.45 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01
LV AW, mm	0.95 ± 0.02	0.81 ± 0.02	0.72 ± 0.02*	0.67 ± 0.01*
LV PW, mm	1.02 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.02	0.81 ± 0.02	0.79 ± 0.02
Intracardiac pressure
Positive dP/dt, mmHg/s	5512 ± 539	3566 ± 235	3100 ± 310	2501 ± 290*
Negative dP/dt, mmHg/s	− 4119 ± 543	− 2669 ± 143	− 2425 ± 281	− 1700 ± 171*
EDP, mmHg	8.65 ± 1.7	8.71 ± 2.4	12.5 ± 4.3	13.8 ± 2.8
Max pressure, mmHg	132 ± 13	80.6 ± 4.2	81.9 ± 14	66.1 ± 5.5
Min pressure, mmHg	4.5 ± 2.0	6.1 ± 2.0	9.3 ± 3.0	9.4 ± 2.0

All values are expressed as mean ± SEM
HR heart rate, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter, FS fractional shortening, AW anterior wall, PW posterior wall, EDP end-diastolic pressure, FFA free fatty acid
Liraglutide treatment groups compared with the PBS treatment group by the step-down method. *P < 0.05

ISSN: 1475-2840