Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, alleviates atrial remodeling and improves mitochondrial function in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Table 2 Serum biochemical, oxidative stress, and inflammation examination

	Control group (n = 8)	DM group (n = 8)	low-EMPA group (n = 8)	high-EMPA group (n = 8)	p value
Glucose, mmol/L	6.38 ± 0.99	21.10 ± 6.71*	13.81 ± 2.19**	12.93 ± 3.39**	< 0.001
Insulin, mIU/L	44.66 ± 8.66	84.66 ± 17.38	70.83 ± 16.93	69.50 ± 11.49	0.135
Creatinine, μmol/L	56.50 ± 8.00	55.14 ± 11.51	51.10 ± 11.84	56.83 ± 10.96	0.761
BUN, mmol/L	7.99 ± 1.34	7.29 ± 1.58	6.57 ± 0.47	7.34 ± 2.05	0.348
TC, mmol/L	1.36 ± 0.42	2.21 ± 0.33*	1.73 ± 0.45**	1.47 ± 0.31**	0.003
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.57 ± 0.27	0.95 ± 0.32*	0.72 ± 0.58**	0.70 ± 0.40**	0.041
LDL-C, mmol/L	0.44 ± 0.14	0.61 ± 0.13	0.40 ± 0.38	0.48 ± 0.2	0.212
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.96 ± 0.28	0.98 ± 0.12	0.91 ± 0.51	1.03 ± 0.22	0.932
SOD, U/mL	113.09 ± 7.18	103.31 ± 9.61*	113.13 ± 3.60**	114.36 ± 5.96**	0.019
hs-CRP, pg/mL	10.30 ± 0.90	13.66 ± 2.44*	11.61 ± 2.17	9.57 ± 0.15**	0.002
MDA, nmol/mL	9.22 ± 1.84	12.06 ± 1.42*	10.94 ± 2.31	9.81 ± 1.49**	0.012
BNP, pg/mL	1842.65 ± 444.34	2264.07 ± 514.07	2153.04 ± 545.66	1975.91 ± 230.97	0.239

Values are expressed as mean ± SD
TC total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, MDA malondialdehyde, SOD superoxide dismutase, BNP brain natriuretic peptide
* Compared with the control group, p < 0.05
** Compared with the DM group, p < 0.05

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