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Table 1 Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies

From: Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, alleviates atrial remodeling and improves mitochondrial function in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

 

Control group (n = 8)

DM group (n = 8)

Low-EMPA group (n = 8)

High-EMPA group (n = 8)

p value

LAD, mm

4.12 ± 0.24

4.60 ± 0.44*

4.44 ± 0.08*

4.22 ± 0.14**

0.006

IVST, mm

1.62 ± 0.17

1.98 ± 0.14*

1.84 ± 0.06

1.67 ± 0.44**

0.021

LVPWT, mm

1.60 ± 0.17

2.00 ± 0.17*

1.80 ± 0.31

1.67 ± 0.38**

0.028

LVEDD, mm

7.39 ± 0.29

7.16 ± 0.38

7.47 ± 0.32

7.11 ± 0.22

0.530

LVESD, mm

3.73 ± 0.36

4.07 ± 0.49

3.84 ± 0.49

3.99 ± 0.25

0.680

LVEF, %

79.27 ± 3.87

72.49 ± 6.93

77.78 ± 8.66

73.59 ± 3.67

0.381

FS, %

49.50 ± 4.08

43.09 ± 5.87

48.33 ± 8.75

43.85 ± 3.28

0.372

HR, beats per min

308.75 ± 7.66

311.87 ± 4.79

312.00 ± 6.02

310.86 ± 2.10

0.626

SBP, mmHg

125.30 ± 12.95

139.05 ± 14.41*

138.80 ± 6.48*

137.80 ± 4.19*

0.037

DBP, mmHg

75.71 ± 12.19

102.09 ± 7.99*

97.64 ± 6.46*

96.11 ± 5.06*

<0.001

MBP, mmHg

91.06 ± 9.65

114.45 ± 10.01*

111.28 ± 6.11*

110.84 ± 5.34*

<0.001

LVEDP, mmHg

7.78 ± 1.19

9.45 ± 1.33*

8.66 ± 0.81

8.53 ± 0.68

0.028

+dp/dtmax, mmHg/m

4448.00 ± 835.01

3698.00 ± 380.14*

3695.25 ± 384.95*

4198.00 ± 673.63

0.041

−dp/dtmax, mmHg/m

− 2413.32 ± 276.74

− 1538.32 ± 278.87*

− 1592.07 ± 271.84*

− 2004.70 ± 162.30**

< 0.001

BW, kg

0.58 ± 0.05

0.67 ± 0.07*

0.62 ± 0.08

0.54 ± 0.06**

0.018

Heart weight ratio (1/1000)

3.24 ± 0.42

3.59 ± 0.75*

3.35 ± 0.54

3.12 ± 0.65**

0.451

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Heart weight ratio indicates the ratio of heart weight and body weight
  2. DM diabetes mellitus, LAD left atrial diameter, IVST interventricular septum, LVPWT left ventricular posterior wall, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic dimension, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, FS fraction shortening, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, LVEDP left ventricular end diastolic pressure, +dp/dtmax maximal increasing rate of left intraventricular pressure, −dp/dtmax maximal decreasing rate of left intraventricular pressure, BW body weight
  3. * Compared with the control group, p < 0.05
  4. ** Compared with the DM group, p < 0.05