| Control group (n = 8) | DM group (n = 8) | Low-EMPA group (n = 8) | High-EMPA group (n = 8) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAD, mm | 4.12 ± 0.24 | 4.60 ± 0.44* | 4.44 ± 0.08* | 4.22 ± 0.14** | 0.006 |
IVST, mm | 1.62 ± 0.17 | 1.98 ± 0.14* | 1.84 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.44** | 0.021 |
LVPWT, mm | 1.60 ± 0.17 | 2.00 ± 0.17* | 1.80 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.38** | 0.028 |
LVEDD, mm | 7.39 ± 0.29 | 7.16 ± 0.38 | 7.47 ± 0.32 | 7.11 ± 0.22 | 0.530 |
LVESD, mm | 3.73 ± 0.36 | 4.07 ± 0.49 | 3.84 ± 0.49 | 3.99 ± 0.25 | 0.680 |
LVEF, % | 79.27 ± 3.87 | 72.49 ± 6.93 | 77.78 ± 8.66 | 73.59 ± 3.67 | 0.381 |
FS, % | 49.50 ± 4.08 | 43.09 ± 5.87 | 48.33 ± 8.75 | 43.85 ± 3.28 | 0.372 |
HR, beats per min | 308.75 ± 7.66 | 311.87 ± 4.79 | 312.00 ± 6.02 | 310.86 ± 2.10 | 0.626 |
SBP, mmHg | 125.30 ± 12.95 | 139.05 ± 14.41* | 138.80 ± 6.48* | 137.80 ± 4.19* | 0.037 |
DBP, mmHg | 75.71 ± 12.19 | 102.09 ± 7.99* | 97.64 ± 6.46* | 96.11 ± 5.06* | <0.001 |
MBP, mmHg | 91.06 ± 9.65 | 114.45 ± 10.01* | 111.28 ± 6.11* | 110.84 ± 5.34* | <0.001 |
LVEDP, mmHg | 7.78 ± 1.19 | 9.45 ± 1.33* | 8.66 ± 0.81 | 8.53 ± 0.68 | 0.028 |
+dp/dtmax, mmHg/m | 4448.00 ± 835.01 | 3698.00 ± 380.14* | 3695.25 ± 384.95* | 4198.00 ± 673.63 | 0.041 |
−dp/dtmax, mmHg/m | − 2413.32 ± 276.74 | − 1538.32 ± 278.87* | − 1592.07 ± 271.84* | − 2004.70 ± 162.30** | < 0.001 |
BW, kg | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.07* | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.54 ± 0.06** | 0.018 |
Heart weight ratio (1/1000) | 3.24 ± 0.42 | 3.59 ± 0.75* | 3.35 ± 0.54 | 3.12 ± 0.65** | 0.451 |