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Table 4 Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality during follow up according to the presence and type of diabetes mellitus in subgroups

From: Risk of early mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: a comparison with type 2 diabetes, a nationwide study

n

Age groups

Sex

Age < 65 years

Age ≥ 65 years

Men

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

16,432,505

1,336,352

6444

2,067,646

577,151

2953

9,435,968

1,125,851

5348

Myocardial infarction

 Events (n)

45,760

15,003

127

37,952

17,663

144

49,094

19,398

161

 Follow-up durationa

74,096,761.66

6,371,484.62

30,193.35

10,061,079.61

2,822,286.48

14,113.17

43,604,234.55

5,351,613.56

24,915.64

 IRb

61.760

235.470

420.620

377.220

625.840

1020.320

112.590

362.470

646.181

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.384 (1.349–1.419)

2.549 (2.138–3.038)

1 (Ref.)

1.462 (1.430–1.495)

2.418 (2.051–2.850)

1 (Ref.)

1.362 (1.333–1.393)

2.307 (1.975–2.696)

Hospitalization for HF

 Events (n)

33,468

12,533

158

55,705

23,915

218

45,079

19,112

207

 Follow-up durationa

74,137,669.23

6,382,665.72

30,199.82

10,050,780.96

2,820,411.82

14,038.75

43,638,053.44

5,362,891.91

24,894.04

 IRb

45.140

196.360

523.180

554.240

847.930

1552.840

103.302

356.375

831.524

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.533 (1.490–1.577)

4.015 (3.427–4.704)

1 (Ref.)

1.397 (1.371–1.424)

2.722 (2.382–3.112)

1 (Ref.)

1.419 (1.388–1.451)

3.079 (2.683–3.533)

Atrial fibrillation

 Events (n)

50,060

11,523

89

55,502

18,220

138

59,913

17,762

133

 Follow-up durationa

74,095,720.84

6,381,466.71

30,291.22

10,032,075.49

2,823,462.67

14,134.49

43,594,810.10

5,358,747.06

24,969.15

 IRb

67.561

180.570

293.815

553.245

645.307

976.335

137.431

331.458

532.657

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.109 (1.079–1.141)

1.928 (1.565–2.374)

1 (Ref.)

1.072 (1.050–1.095)

1.668 (1.410–1.973)

1 (Ref.)

1.087 (1.064–1.111)

1.688 (1.423–2.003)

All-cause mortality

 Events (n)

96,885

30,131

300

152,737

63,887

576

161,569

62,460

581

 Follow-up durationa

74,189,668.59

6,403,591.13

30,439.67

10,137,129.57

2,858,007.68

14,349.12

43,703,573.26

5,391,593.98

25,187.91

 IRb

130.590

470.530

985.560

1506.710

2235.370

4014.180

369.690

1158.470

2306.660

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.653 (1.623–1.683)

3.328 (2.969–3.731)

1 (Ref.)

1.491 (1.474–1.509)

2.833 (2.609–3.076)

1 (Ref.)

1.514 (1.496–1.532)

2.790 (2.571–3.029)

n

Sex

Presence of chronic kidney disease

Women

No

Yes

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

Without diabetes

T2D

T1D

9,064,183

787,652

4049

17,617,783

1,700,766

7652

882,368

212,737

1745

Myocardial infarction

 Events (n)

34,618

13,268

110

73,275

25,485

175

10,437

7181

96

 Follow-up durationa

40,553,606.72

3,842,157.55

19,390.88

79,549,644.55

8,151,279.45

36,173.82

4,608,196.72

1,042,491.65

8132.69

 IRb

85.364

345.327

567.277

92.110

312.650

483.780

226.490

688.830

1180.420

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.497 (1.458–1.536)

2.576 (2.133–3.111)

1 (Ref.)

1.350 (1.325–1.376)

2.127 (1.832–2.470)

1 (Ref.)

1.649 (1.590–1.711)

2.938 (2.399–3.599)

Hospitalization for HF

 Events (n)

44,094

17,336

169

73,630

26,005

227

15,543

10,443

149

 Follow-up durationa

40,550,396.75

3,840,185.63

19,344.54

79,583,758.88

8,163,014.47

36,164.03

4,604,691.30

1,040,063.07

8074.54

 IRb

108.739

451.437

873.632

92.520

318.570

627.700

337.550

1004.070

1845.310

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.415 (1.383–1.447)

2.962 (2.543–3.451)

1 (Ref.)

1.320 (1.296–1.345)

2.654 (2.327–3.027)

1 (Ref.)

1.603 (1.555–1.651)

3.225 (2.740–3.796)

Atrial fibrillation

 Events (n)

45,649

11,981

94

91,616

23,224

147

13,946

6519

80

 Follow-up durationa

40,532,986.22

3,846,182.32

19,456.56

79,525,314.43

8,159,959.21

36,253.65

4,602,481.89

1,044,970.17

8172.06

 IRb

112.622

311.504

483.127

115.204

284.609

405.476

303.010

623.846

978.946

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.080 (1.052–1.108)

1.834 (1.496–2.247)

1 (Ref.)

1.053 (1.033–1.073)

1.592 (1.353–1.873)

1 (Ref.)

1.168 (1.126–1.210)

1.955 (1.566–2.440)

All-cause mortality

 Events (n)

88,053

31,558

295

212,747

71,494

573

36,875

22,524

303

 Follow-up durationa

40,623,224.90

3,870,004.83

19,600.87

79,697,361.81

8,204,635.79

36,493.65

4,629,436.35

1,056,963.02

8295.14

 IRb

216.760

815.450

1505.040

266.940

871.390

1570.140

796.530

2131.010

3652.740

 Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1 (Ref.)

1.505 (1.480–1.530)

3.051 (2.718–3.424)

1 (Ref.)

1.463 (1.447–1.479)

2.642 (2.433–2.870)

1 (Ref.)

1.588 (1.556–1.620)

3.006 (2.681–3.369)

  1. Adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise, monthly income, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fasting plasma glucose. Statistically significant values among the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were given in italic
  2. T2D type 2 diabetes, T1D type 1 diabetes IR incidence rate, HR hazard ratio, HF heart failure
  3. aIn person-years
  4. bPer 100,000 person-years