Predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for gestational diabetes and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular diseases

Table 3 Candidates biomarkers for GDM prediction

Panel A
Protein biomarker	Main proposed origin	Week of pregnancy	Change in GDM	Metabolic- and cardiovascular-related properties
RBP4	Liver, adipose, breast	1st–12th/16–20th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory Glut4 down-regulation and insulin resistance Endothelial dysfunction
SHBG	Liver, placenta	1st–13th	Lower	Polycystic ovary syndrome Insulin resistance
Afamin	Liver, placenta	1st–12th	Higher	Insulin resistance Metabolic syndrome
FABP4	Adipose, placenta	4–6th/23rd–30th	Higher	Fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism
hs-CRP	Liver, pancreas, adipose	4–6th/11–14th 16–18th/24–28th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory of acute response
Adiponectin	Adipose, breast	6th–32nd	Lower	Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenesis Insulin-sensitizer
Visfatin	Adipose, placenta	11–13th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory and chemotactic Endothelial dysfunction Acute myocardial infraction
Fetuin-A	Liver, placenta, fetal tissues	11–14th	Lower	Pro-inflammatory Regulation of the insulin receptor Vessel calcification
Omentin-1	Adipose, placenta	12–15th	Lower	Anti-inflammatory Vasodilatation and endothelial function
IL-6	Adipose, lung	12–15th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory Atherogenesis and DM
Leptin	Adipose, breast	14–20th/24–28th	Higher	Reduction on insulin action and appetite Pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory Arterial stiffness
Ficolin-3	Liver, placenta	16th–18th	Lower	Insulin resistance T2DM development

Panel B
Genetic biomarker	Main proposed origin	Week of pregnancy	Change in GDM	Metabolic- and cardiovascular-related properties
miR-16-5p	Placenta	4–6th/16th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory Regulation of vascular endothelial growth
miR-17-5p	Placenta	4–6th/16th	Higher	Insulin resistance Regulation of angiogenesis Hypertension
miR-20a-5p	Placenta	4–6th/16th	Higher	Regulation of LDL receptor Modulation of aerobic cardiac capacity Coronary artery disease
miR-21-3p	Placenta	7th–23rd/30–36th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory Insulin resistance
miR-29a	Placenta	16th	Lower	Repression of insulin-signaling Regulation of Glut4 Control of fatty acid/glucose metabolism
miR-132	Placenta	16th	Lower	Insulin secretion Enhancement of glucose homeostasis
miR-222	Placenta	16th	Lower	Insulin resistance Downregulation of Glut4 Hypercholesterolemia
miR-19a/b-3p	Placenta	16th	Higher	Pro-inflammatory Insulin resistance Vascular injury

Some protein (A) and miRs (B) from diverse origins can be early detected in maternal plasma during gestation. Their modified levels have been correlated with later GDM development. Some of them can also provide information about potential metabolic and cardiovascular disorders (https://www.genecards.org/)

ISSN: 1475-2840