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Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics
| Dapagliflozin | Empagliflozin | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (%) | 5812 (45.8) | 6869 (54.2) | |
| Age, n (%), years | < 0.001 | ||
| < 65 | 4041 (69.5) | 4497 (65.5) | |
| ≧ 65 | 1771 (30.5) | 2372 (34.5) | |
| Female, n (%) | 2647 (45.5) | 2920 (42.5) | < 0.001 |
| PDD/DDD, mean (SD)a | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
| Prescribed daily dose, n (SD)b | < 0.001 | ||
| Low dose, n (%) | 1451 (25.0) | 4071 (59.3) | |
| Full dose, n (%) | 4361 (75.0) | 2798 (40.7) | |
| BMI, n (%), kg/m2 | 0.576 | ||
| < 30 | 3905 (67.2) | 4583 (66.7) | |
| ≥ 30 | 1907 (32.8) | 2286 (33.3) | |
| HbA1c, n (%), % | < 0.001 | ||
| < 8.5 | 2541 (43.7) | 3308 (48.2) | |
| ≥ 8.5 | 3271 (56.3) | 3561 (51.8) | |
| eGFR, n (%), mL/min/1.73 m2 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 60 | 347 (6.0) | 930 (13.6) | |
| 60–90 | 2102 (36.2) | 2473 (36.0) | |
| ≥ 90 | 3363 (57.9) | 3466 (50.5) | |
| UACR, n (%), mg/g | < 0.001 | ||
| < 30 | 3007 (51.7) | 3336 (48.6) | |
| 30–300 | 1834 (31.6) | 2199 (32.0) | |
| ≥ 300 | 971 (16.7) | 1334 (19.4) | |
| LDL, n (%), mg/dL | 0.505 | ||
| ≥ 100 | 104 (1.8) | 134 (2.0) | |
| < 100 | 5708 (98.2) | 6735 (98.0) | |
| Index year, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| 2016 | 3326 (57.2) | 3624 (52.8) | |
| 2017 | 2486 (42.8) | 3245 (47.2) | |
| Hospital level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Medical centers | 3224 (55.5) | 3927 (57.2) | |
| Regional hospitals | 1540 (26.5) | 1533 (22.3) | |
| District hospitals | 1048 (18.0) | 1409 (20.5) | |
| Department, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Metabolism and endocrinology | 3964 (68.2) | 4206 (61.2) | |
| Cardiology | 1181 (20.3) | 1792 (26.1) | |
| Others | 667 (11.5) | 871 (12.7) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 3718 (64.0) | 4606 (67.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 4274 (73.5) | 4974 (72.4) | 0.155 |
| Coronary heart diseasec | 832 (14.3) | 1207 (17.6) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 113 (1.9) | 166 (2.4) | 0.071 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 67 (1.2) | 108 (1.6) | 0.044 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 475 (8.2) | 577 (8.4) | 0.644 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 583 (10.0) | 627 (9.1) | 0.085 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1510 (26.0) | 1893 (27.6) | 0.046 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 126 (2.2) | 177 (2.6) | 0.133 |
| Liver disease | 1052 (18.1) | 1278 (18.6) | 0.465 |
| Depression | 85 (1.5) | 102 (1.5) | 0.917 |
| Schizophrenia | 24 (0.4) | 19 (0.3) | 0.188 |
| Cancer | 366 (6.3) | 445 (6.5) | 0.678 |
| Charlson comorbidity index score, n (%) | 0.007 | ||
| < 2 | 2440 (42.0) | 2722 (39.6) | |
| ≥ 2 | 3372 (58.0) | 4147 (60.4) | |
| Previous hospitalization, n (%) | 554 (9.5) | 815 (11.9) | < 0.001 |
| Concomitant medications, n (%) | |||
| Anti-platelet agents | 1549 (26.7) | 2074 (30.2) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-coagulant agents | 100 (1.7) | 151 (2.2) | 0.054 |
| Beta blockers | 1249 (21.5) | 1690 (24.6) | < 0.001 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers | 3235 (55.7) | 4129 (60.1) | < 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2056 (35.4) | 2775 (40.4) | < 0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 153 (2.6) | 282 (4.1) | < 0.001 |
| Thiazides | 270 (4.7) | 342 (5.0) | 0.383 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 59 (1.0) | 124 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
| Statin | 3662 (63.0) | 4538 (66.1) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrate | 535 (9.2) | 717 (10.4) | 0.020 |
| Ezetimibe | 646 (11.1) | 793 (11.5) | 0.447 |
| Metformin | 5364 (92.3) | 6124 (89.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 3604 (62.0) | 3751 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 3616 (62.2) | 4437 (64.6) | 0.006 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 1002 (17.2) | 1240 (18.1) | 0.232 |
| Glinides | 94 (1.6) | 158 (2.3) | 0.006 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1552 (26.7) | 1584 (23.1) | < 0.001 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors antagonist | 75 (1.3) | 156 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin | 1083 (18.6) | 1507 (21.9) | < 0.001 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 475 (8.2) | 542 (7.9) | 0.560 |
