|
Patients, n (%)
|
5812 (45.8)
|
6869 (54.2)
| |
|
Age, n (%), years
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 65
|
4041 (69.5)
|
4497 (65.5)
| |
| ≧ 65 |
1771 (30.5)
|
2372 (34.5)
| |
|
Female, n (%)
|
2647 (45.5)
|
2920 (42.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
PDD/DDD, mean (SD)a
|
0.9 (0.2)
|
0.8 (0.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Prescribed daily dose, n (SD)b
|
< 0.001
|
|
Low dose, n (%)
|
1451 (25.0)
|
4071 (59.3)
| |
|
Full dose, n (%)
|
4361 (75.0)
|
2798 (40.7)
| |
|
BMI, n (%), kg/m2
|
0.576
|
|
< 30
|
3905 (67.2)
|
4583 (66.7)
| |
|
≥ 30
|
1907 (32.8)
|
2286 (33.3)
| |
|
HbA1c, n (%), %
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 8.5
|
2541 (43.7)
|
3308 (48.2)
| |
|
≥ 8.5
|
3271 (56.3)
|
3561 (51.8)
| |
|
eGFR, n (%), mL/min/1.73 m2
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 60
|
347 (6.0)
|
930 (13.6)
| |
|
60–90
|
2102 (36.2)
|
2473 (36.0)
| |
|
≥ 90
|
3363 (57.9)
|
3466 (50.5)
| |
|
UACR, n (%), mg/g
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 30
|
3007 (51.7)
|
3336 (48.6)
| |
|
30–300
|
1834 (31.6)
|
2199 (32.0)
| |
|
≥ 300
|
971 (16.7)
|
1334 (19.4)
| |
|
LDL, n (%), mg/dL
|
0.505
|
|
≥ 100
|
104 (1.8)
|
134 (2.0)
| |
|
< 100
|
5708 (98.2)
|
6735 (98.0)
| |
|
Index year, n (%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
2016
|
3326 (57.2)
|
3624 (52.8)
| |
|
2017
|
2486 (42.8)
|
3245 (47.2)
| |
|
Hospital level, n (%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Medical centers
|
3224 (55.5)
|
3927 (57.2)
| |
|
Regional hospitals
|
1540 (26.5)
|
1533 (22.3)
| |
|
District hospitals
|
1048 (18.0)
|
1409 (20.5)
| |
|
Department, n (%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Metabolism and endocrinology
|
3964 (68.2)
|
4206 (61.2)
| |
|
Cardiology
|
1181 (20.3)
|
1792 (26.1)
| |
|
Others
|
667 (11.5)
|
871 (12.7)
| |
|
Comorbidity, n (%)
|
|
Hypertension
|
3718 (64.0)
|
4606 (67.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
4274 (73.5)
|
4974 (72.4)
|
0.155
|
|
Coronary heart diseasec
|
832 (14.3)
|
1207 (17.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Atrial fibrillation
|
113 (1.9)
|
166 (2.4)
|
0.071
|
|
Peripheral artery disease
|
67 (1.2)
|
108 (1.6)
|
0.044
|
|
Diabetic retinopathy
|
475 (8.2)
|
577 (8.4)
|
0.644
|
|
Diabetic neuropathy
|
583 (10.0)
|
627 (9.1)
|
0.085
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy
|
1510 (26.0)
|
1893 (27.6)
|
0.046
|
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
126 (2.2)
|
177 (2.6)
|
0.133
|
|
Liver disease
|
1052 (18.1)
|
1278 (18.6)
|
0.465
|
|
Depression
|
85 (1.5)
|
102 (1.5)
|
0.917
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
24 (0.4)
|
19 (0.3)
|
0.188
|
|
Cancer
|
366 (6.3)
|
445 (6.5)
|
0.678
|
|
Charlson comorbidity index score, n (%)
|
0.007
|
|
< 2
|
2440 (42.0)
|
2722 (39.6)
| |
|
≥ 2
|
3372 (58.0)
|
4147 (60.4)
| |
|
Previous hospitalization, n (%)
|
554 (9.5)
|
815 (11.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Concomitant medications, n (%)
|
|
Anti-platelet agents
|
1549 (26.7)
|
2074 (30.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Anti-coagulant agents
|
100 (1.7)
|
151 (2.2)
|
0.054
|
|
Beta blockers
|
1249 (21.5)
|
1690 (24.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers
|
3235 (55.7)
|
4129 (60.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
2056 (35.4)
|
2775 (40.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Loop diuretics
|
153 (2.6)
|
282 (4.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Thiazides
|
270 (4.7)
|
342 (5.0)
|
0.383
|
|
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
|
59 (1.0)
|
124 (1.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Statin
|
3662 (63.0)
|
4538 (66.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fibrate
|
535 (9.2)
|
717 (10.4)
|
0.020
|
|
Ezetimibe
|
646 (11.1)
|
793 (11.5)
|
0.447
|
|
Metformin
|
5364 (92.3)
|
6124 (89.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sulfonylurea
|
3604 (62.0)
|
3751 (54.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
|
3616 (62.2)
|
4437 (64.6)
|
0.006
|
|
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
|
1002 (17.2)
|
1240 (18.1)
|
0.232
|
|
Glinides
|
94 (1.6)
|
158 (2.3)
|
0.006
|
|
Thiazolidinediones
|
1552 (26.7)
|
1584 (23.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors antagonist
|
75 (1.3)
|
156 (2.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Insulin
|
1083 (18.6)
|
1507 (21.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
|
475 (8.2)
|
542 (7.9)
|
0.560
|
